Gyan Singh

Medicinal Uses of Murraya koenigii and Aegle marmelos for Fertility Augmentation in Animals: A Review

Ethno veterinary research has emerged as a fertile field for the generation (or regeneration) and transfer of appropriate and sustainable animal health technologies to rural and even peri-urban livestock raisers everywhere especially in the third world. Ethno veterinary practices still have significant contributions to animal health and are regarded as sustainable veterinary medicine in the new era (Lin et al., 2003). The prefix „Ethno‟ stands for traditional or indigenous and imbibes the knowledge passed on verbally from generation to generation. There cannot be any shadow of doubt on the poly valency of ethno veterinary medicines obtained from nook and corners of the world. The ethno veterinary practices, therefore, include all aspects of indigenous practices to prevent and treat a range of livestock diseases. As much as 90% of the world‟s population today still relies mainly on local ethno medicine for their health needs (Duke, 1992). Similar figures appear to hold for the livestock sector (McCorkle, 1998). Because of the cost International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 09 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com

Ultrasonographic Assessment of Embryonic Mortality in Cows

Embryonic mortality (EM) is generally defined as loss of the conceptus which occurs during the first 45 days of pregnancy, which is the period from conception to completion of differentiation (Committee on Reproductive Nomenclature, 1972). Approximately 30% of pregnancies are lost in the form of embryonic demise and this increases the successive calving interval thereby ultimately affecting the success of reproductive programs in dairy cows (Chaudhary and Purohit, 2012). Early embryonic mortality is a major source of economic loss with mortality rate upto 40% in animal production through repeat breeding and increased cost of artificial insemination (Sareen and Diskin, 1986; Zavy, 1994; Bajaj, 2001) cost of treatment, extended calving intervals and prolonged dry period resulting in reduced milk production (Roche et al., 1981) and reduced net calf crop (Maurer and Chenault, 1983). The cost of losses to farmers due to embryonic mortalities has been estimated as high as 250 million per year in UK (Hensela et al., 1976). Although, it is clearly not possible to extrapolate these figures to the whole world as national International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 06 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com