Gyanendra Sharma

Tubularized-incised plate urethroplasty in adults.

To evaluate the results of tubularized incised‐plate (TIP) urethroplasty for distal and midshaft hypospadias in adults, and to underline technical aspects to decrease complications.

Predictive Value of Decreased Renal Pelvis Anteroposterior Diameter in Prone Position for Prenatally Detected Hydronephrosis

PURPOSE It is important to differentiate between those cases of prenatally detected hydronephrosis that are significant and those that are likely to resolve spontaneously. We evaluated the anteroposterior pelvic diameter of the renal pelvis postnatally in the supine and prone positions, and determined whether the difference between these 2 positions helps predict the outcome of prenatally detected hydronephrosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS From May 2009 to June 2011, 38 infants with prenatally detected unilateral ureteropelvic junction type hydronephrosis were evaluated. The anteroposterior pelvic diameter was noted in the supine and prone positions. Functional evaluation was done by radionuclide renogram. Those with a split function of less than 40% underwent pyeloplasty. All other patients were followed by serial ultrasound examination. RESULTS Six infants had an anteroposterior pelvic diameter larger than 40 mm with no change in diameter in the supine vs prone positions. Seven of 16 infants with an anteroposterior pelvic diameter between 30 and 40 mm, and 11 of 15 infants with an anteroposterior pelvic diameter between 15 and 30 mm had a smaller anteroposterior pelvic diameter in the prone position. These infants had normal renal function, improvement in hydronephrosis and did not need pyeloplasty. All the infants with no change in anteroposterior pelvic diameter in either position had poorer renal function, necessitating pyeloplasty. CONCLUSIONS Those cases of prenatally detected ureteropelvic junction type of hydronephrosis in which the anteroposterior pelvic diameter is smaller in the prone position than in the supine position showed improvement in hydronephrosis, while those with no change in anteroposterior pelvic diameter had worsening of hydronephrosis and needed surgical intervention.

Fluoroscopy guided percutaneous renal access in prone position

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is a very commonly done procedure for management of renal calculus disease. Establishing a good access is the first and probably the most crucial step of this procedure. A proper access is the gateway to success. However, this crucial step has the steepest learning curve for, in a fluoroscopy guided access, it involves visualizing a three dimensional anatomy on a two dimensional fluoroscopy screen. This review describes the anatomical basis of the renal access. It provides a literature review of all aspects of percutaneous renal access along with the advances that have taken place in this field over the years. The article describes a technique to determine the site of skin puncture, the angle and depth of puncture using a simple mathematical principle. It also reviews the common problems faced during the process of puncture and dilatation and describes the ways to overcome them. The aim of this article is to provide the reader a step by step guide for percutaneous renal access.

Clinical Implications and Applications of the Twinkling Sign in Ureteral Calculus: A Preliminary Study

PURPOSE Twinkling is an artifact seen on color Doppler ultrasound as a rapidly changing mixture of red and blue behind a stationary echogenic structure. We studied the presence or absence of this artifact in ureteral calculi detected on ultrasound and correlated it with clinical parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated 284 ureteral calculi seen on color Doppler ultrasound. The twinkling artifact was graded as 0 to 2 and correlated with the presence or absence of pain, symptom duration, degree of hydronephrosis and passage of a Glidewire® guidewire across the ureteral calculus during ureterorenoscopy. RESULTS The presence or absence of twinkling was not associated with the degree of hydronephrosis. Twinkling was absent in 92% of patients with significant pain and grade 2 twinkling was seen in 69.5% without significant pain. Twinkling was dominantly absent in patients with a recent colic episode, while 77% who presented 2 to 15 days after a colic episode had grade 2 twinkling. The guidewire was difficult to pass in cases with absent twinkling compared to those with grade 2 twinkling, in which the guidewire and ureteral catheter crossed the calculus easily. CONCLUSIONS Absent twinkling is associated with significant pain, a recent colic episode and difficult guidewire passage across the calculus. These findings suggest that absent twinkling implies significant obstruction, while its presence indicates no significant obstruction.

Determining the angle and depth of puncture for fluoroscopy-guided percutaneous renal access in the prone position

Introduction: Optimal renal access is necessary for ensuring a successful and complication-free percutaneous nephrolithotomy. We describe a technique to determine the angle and depth of puncture for fluoroscopy-guided percutaneous renal access in the prone position. Materials and Methods: Forty-two consecutive patients undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy from January 2014 had a fluoroscopy-guided access in the prone position. Using the bull′s eye technique, the site of skin puncture and the angle of puncture were determined. These parameters were utilized to calculate, mathematically, the depth of the targeted calyx. These measurements were then utilized for puncture. The actual depth of puncture was then calculated. The number of attempts, time of fluoroscopy and difference between estimated and actual depth were noted and analyzed. Results and Limitations: There was a difference of 0-3 mm between the estimated and the actual depth at which puncture was made. Single-attempt puncture was possible in >95% cases. No complications related to access were observed. Conclusion: By estimating the angle and depth of puncture, the percutaneous renal access becomes technically less challenging.

Usefulness of Ultrasonography and Cortical Transit Time to Differentiate Nonobstructive From Obstructive Dilatation in the Management of Prenatally Detected Pelvic Ureteric Junction Like Obstruction

OBJECTIVE To differentiate a nonobstructive dilatation from an obstructive dilatation in prenatally detected presumed pelvi-ureteric junction obstruction so that intervention can be planned before irreversible damage can occur to the renal unit. MATERIALS AND METHODS From January 2012 to December 2016, all patients with prenatally detected or asymptomatic incidentally detected presumed pelvi-ureteric junction obstruction were evaluated by ultrasonography and renogram. The anteroposterior diameter of the renal pelvis was measured in supine and prone position. Presence of calyceal dilatation in prone position was noted. They were categorized into obstructed, nonobstructed, and equivocal groups based on sonography findings. The differential renal function and the cortical transit time (CTT) was calculated and compared with the sonography groups. RESULTS Of the 98 patients, 72 were in the obstructed, 18 were in the nonobstructed, and 8 were in the equivocal category. All except 1 in the nonobstructed category had a function of >40% with CTT of <3 minutes. Seventy patients in the obstructed category had a CTT of >3 minutes, whereas 61 had function <40% on initial evaluation. Eleven patients in the obstructed category with an initial function of >40% had CTT of >3 minutes. All of them showed increasing hydronephrosis and deterioration of function during follow-up, necessitating pyeloplasty. All patients in the equivocal group had function >40% and CTT <3 minutes. CONCLUSION Ultrasonography along with CTT can help to differentiate nonobstructive from obstructive dilatation.

Calculus in a Paraureteral Diverticulum Masquerading as Calculus at the Ureterovesical Junction on Unenhanced Helical CT Scan

Unenhanced Helical CT Scan is now an established modality to evaluate patients presenting with flank pain and has a sensitivity of 97% to diagnose ureteral calculi.1 As many as 18% of patients with acute flank pain and obstructing ureteral calculus have calculus located at the ureterovesical junction at the time of diagnosis.2 A calculus at the ureterovesical junction is distinguished from a vesical calculus lying near the ureteral orifice by performing the unenhanced helical scan in the prone position where the vesical calculus falls while the calculus at the ureterovesical junction does not fall.3 We present a case which was an exception to this rule and a vesical calculus in a paraureteral diverticulum masqueraded as an ureterovesical junction calculus on Unenhanced helical scan done both in supine and prone position.