György Schuster

The smart mobility aspects of intelligent railway

One of the main characteristics of a smart city is smart mobility. Therefore, our study focuses on some questions related to smart mobility, especially on the development of intelligent railway. We examine the role of intelligent management systems in the improvement of railway safety. Thus, the present article deals with the reasons for the establishment of an intelligence-based smart city as well as one of its substantial elements: smart mobility. The main scope of this article is the technical viability of intelligent railway systems.

Prevalence and etiology of false normal aEEG recordings in neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy.

BackgroundAmplitude-integrated electroencephalography (aEEG) is a useful tool to determine the severity of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Our aim was to assess the prevalence and study the origin of false normal aEEG recordings based on 85 aEEG recordings registered before six hours of age.MethodsRaw EEG recordings were reevaluated retrospectively with Fourier analysis to identify and describe the frequency patterns of the raw EEG signal, in cases with inconsistent aEEG recordings and clinical symptoms. Power spectral density curves, power (P) and median frequency (MF) were determined using the raw EEG. In 7 patients non-depolarizing muscle relaxant (NDMR) exposure was found. The EEG sections were analyzed and compared before and after NDMR administration.ResultsThe reevaluation found that the aEEG was truly normal in 4 neonates. In 3 neonates, high voltage electrocardiographic (ECG) artifacts were found with flat trace on raw EEG. High frequency component (HFC) was found as a cause of normal appearing aEEG in 10 neonates. HFC disappeared while P and MF decreased significantly upon NDMR administration in each observed case.ConclusionOccurrence of false normal aEEG background pattern is relatively high in neonates with HIE and hypothermia. High frequency EEG artifacts suggestive of shivering were found to be the most common cause of false normal aEEG in hypothermic neonates while high voltage ECG artifacts are less common.

Study of how to implement an intelligent railway system in Hungary

In the present study the motivation for developing an intelligent system in transportation is discussed. With regard to the driving forces, the aims of developing the smart systems in the future will be explored. The basic concepts of the envisioned system are defined in order to avoid any problems with creating the real model. The technical and technological questions of the implementation are also examined. For this reason, besides basic conditions considered during the development of the intelligent system, particular attention will be paid to the safety risks of software and hardware products. This is especially true for devices that require minimal human control, or, in case of railway, machine-controlled trains. The aim is, clearly, to ensure the highest reliability of these systems. The question is how this aim can be achieved and how can the probability of failure be reduced to the greatest extent possible.

Software Reliability of Complex Systems Focus for Intelligent Vehicles

Using software became a part of our everyday life, in the last few decades. Software is widely used in areas, such as national defence, aeronautics and astronautics, medicine or even transport. There are 100 million lines of codes in a modern high-end car’s engine control unit. In comparison, the Space Shuttle needs 400 000, the F22 fighter jet needs less than 2 million, the Boeing 787 airplane needs 14 million and the Facebook needs more than 60 million lines of codes to function. Even a smaller error can lead to devastating consequences in safety-critical systems, such as those operating in vehicles. There have been several examples in recent years, when an automotive recall was necessary due to dangerous software, and there were cases when these errors presumably caused fatal accidents. Definition of software reliability is the error-free working probability of software for a specified period of time under well-defined environment. Usage of software is inevitable. It can be found in every vehicle to control almost everything. Therefore software can be considered as a critical success factor and it has a strong effect on the reliability of the whole system. The software systems are getting more and more complex. Known fact is a more complex system has more possibility to have errors. The most difficult problem is that the traditional methods of reliability cannot be used. For example fatigue and wearing of mechanical parts or features of lubricant systems can be calculated quite well, since we have enough prior knowledge on their features. Unfortunately, in case of software systems this knowledge is missing. This paper deals with the question of software reliability. In the first part it lists the problems and the second part gives some mathematical issues to calculate working probability.

A possible control structure for production lines optimization

This paper proposes a new control structure for automatic production lines. To handle the production lines flexibility and to solve the optimal control problem a new methodology is suggested. In our approach the production line workstations are connected sequential, coordinated and controlled with individual (industrial) Personal Computers (PCs) interconnected in grid. These computers are able to supply the whole system control task and to optimize the production. The suggested method advantages and disadvantages are enumerated. Possible control system architecture is presented.

An Overview of Autonomous Intelligent Vehicle Systems

Vehicles, whose functions are enriched with attributes to increase safety, environmental awareness, effectiveness, comfort level and prestige, so that they can play a key role in creating optimal mobility, are now being invented, planned and manufactured for general use. Throughout the full spectrum of transport, vehicles will soon exempt people from the routine of driving. If people do not need to drive their cars, will their driving skills deteriorate or will they entirely fail to develop this skill later on? Is this threatening us in the near future? What are the latest research results and regulations on autonomous vehicles? What are the actual advantages of vehicle automation? We are trying to find the answers to these questions in our article, while analysing and systematizing information from the national and international literature on the development of intelligent vehicles by examining the interaction between various ground transport vehicles, and the related developments on the subject. Our goal is to create automatic intelligent vehicle systems, within the concept of intelligent infrastructures and smart cities. The paper provides an FMEA analysis of intelligent vehicles. To decrease the explored deficiencies in the present system, applicable proposals are formulated about development areas, such as forming a communication between vehicular traffic and railed vehicles. We feel that such developments are important steps in increasing traffic safety, and we regard them as elements of intelligent transport.

Communication-based intelligent railway — Implementation of GSM-R system in Hungary

The GSM-R system, which is not yet fully implemented in Hungary, will undoubtedly bring about significant changes to the Hungarian railway. These changes give rise to numerous questions - even to specialists - in connection with its future operation. The purpose of this article is to give an overview on the present state of the implementation of the system, to outline the existing and pre-planned GSM-R systems in Europe, and to introduce the international regulations and requirements ensuring the reliable operation of the system and its interoperability between countries.

Development of the Infocommunication System for the Intelligent Rail Transport System of Dangerous Goods in Hungary

Through the examples of recent accidents in Hungary and abroad, we will reveal the possible reasons for the release of dangerous goods into the environment, and, considering these accidents, we will draw conclusions for the safety of rail transport of dangerous goods. While examining the situation of the rail transport of dangerous goods in Hungary, we will present the fundamental concepts and regulations of the transport of dangerous goods in Europe. Today the system of the transport of dangerous goods greatly relies on manual recording and identification methods. Our aim is to provide the ICT bases for tracking the transport of such goods and monitoring their storage conditions, by making suggestions for the development of a monitoring and tracking system to increase the safety of the rail transport system, provide protection for the critical rail infrastructure and ensure the safety of the transport of dangerous goods.