H. Ezawa

AzTEC/ASTE 1.1-mm survey of the AKARI Deep Field South: source catalogue and number counts

We present the first results of a deep 1.1-mm survey of the AKARI Deep Field-South (ADF-S) with the AzTEC camera on the Atacama Submillimetre Telescope Experiment (ASTE ). This survey covers ∼400 arcmin, of which the central 202 arcmin is a uniform low-noise region with an rms noise level of 0.48–0.71 mJy. This is one of the deepest surveys at 1-mm wavelength, to cover such a large contiguous region. We detected 37 sources with a significance of 3.5–10 σ. The expected number of false detections at ≥3.5 σ is at most one, indicating that the detected sources are highly reliable. We construct differential and cumulative number counts and find a difference in number counts among 1-mm blank field surveys: the number counts of the ADF-S are less than those of GOODS-N and COSMOS fields. Most of the sources are not detected in the far-infrared bands of the AKARI, suggesting that they lie mostly at z ∼ > 1 given the detection limits. In this survey, about 10% of cosmic infrared background at 1.1 mm is resolved into discrete sources.

Deep 1.1 mm-wavelength imaging of the GOODS-S field by AzTEC/ASTE – II. Redshift distribution and nature of the submillimetre galaxy population

We report the results of the counterpart identification and a detailed analysis of the physical properties of the 48 sources discovered in our deep 1.1-mm wavelength imaging survey of the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey-South (GOODS-S) field using the AzTEC instrument on the Atacama Submillimeter Telescope Experiment. One or more robust or tentative counterpart candidate is found for 27 and 14 AzTEC sources, respectively, by employing deep radio continuum, Spitzer/Multiband Imaging Photometer for Spitzer and Infrared Array Camera, and Large APEX Bolometer Camera 870 μm data. Five of the sources (10 per cent) have two robust counterparts each, supporting the idea that these galaxies are strongly clustered and/or heavily confused. Photometric redshifts and star formation rates (SFRs) are derived by analysing ultraviolet(UV)-to-optical and infrared(IR)-to-radio spectral energy distributions (SEDs). The median redshift of z_(med)∼ 2.6 is similar to other earlier estimates, but we show that 80 per cent of the AzTEC–GOODS sources are at z≥ 2, with a significant high-redshift tail (20 per cent at z≥ 3.3). Rest-frame UV and optical properties of AzTEC sources are extremely diverse, spanning 10 mag in the i- and K-band photometry (a factor of 10^4 in flux density) with median values of i= 25.3 and K= 22.6 and a broad range of red colour (i−K= 0–6) with an average value of i−K ≈ 3. These AzTEC sources are some of the most luminous galaxies in the rest-frame optical bands at z≥ 2, with inferred stellar masses M_*= (1–30) × 10^(10) M_⊙ and UV-derived SFRs of SFRUV≳ 10^(1-3) M_⊙ yr^(−1). The IR-derived SFR, 200–2000 M_⊙ yr^(−1), is independent of z or M_*. The resulting specific star formation rates, SSFR ≈ 1–100 Gyr^(−1), are 10–100 times higher than similar mass galaxies at z= 0, and they extend the previously observed rapid rise in the SSFR with redshift to z = 2–5. These galaxies have a SFR high enough to have built up their entire stellar mass within their Hubble time. We find only marginal evidence for an active galactic nucleus (AGN) contribution to the near-IR and mid-IR SEDs, even among the X-ray detected sources, and the derived M_* and SFR show little dependence on the presence of an X-ray bright AGN.

AzTEC millimetre survey of the COSMOS field – III. Source catalogue over 0.72 deg2 and plausible boosting by large-scale structure

We present a 0.72 deg^2 contiguous 1.1-mm survey in the central area of the Cosmological Evolution Survey field carried out to a 1σ ≈ 1.26 mJy beam^(−1) depth with the AzTEC camera mounted on the 10-m Atacama Submillimeter Telescope Experiment. We have uncovered 189 candidate sources at a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) ≥ 3.5, out of which 129, with S/N ≥ 4, can be considered to have little chance of being spurious (≲ 2 per cent). We present the number counts derived with this survey, which show a significant excess of sources when compared to the number counts derived from the ~0.5 deg^2 area sampled at similar depths in the Submillimetre Common-User Bolometer Array (SCUBA) HAlf Degree Extragalactic Survey (SHADES). They are, however, consistent with those derived from fields that were considered too small to characterize the overall blank-field population. We identify differences to be more significant in the S_(1.1mm) ≳ 5 mJy regime, and demonstrate that these excesses in number counts are related to the areas where galaxies at redshifts z ≲ 1.1 are more densely clustered. The positions of optical–infrared galaxies in the redshift interval 0.6 ≲ z ≲ 0.75 are the ones that show the strongest correlation with the positions of the 1.1-mm bright population (S_(1.1mm) ≳ 5 mJy), a result which does not depend exclusively on the presence of rich clusters within the survey sampled area. The most likely explanation for the observed excess in number counts at 1.1-mm is galaxy–galaxy and galaxy–group lensing at moderate amplification levels, which increases in amplitude as one samples larger and larger flux densities. This effect should also be detectable in other high-redshift populations.

The source counts of submillimetre galaxies detected at λ= 1.1 mm

The source counts of galaxies discovered at submillimetre and millimetre wavelengths provide important information on the evolution of infrared-bright galaxies. We combine the data from six blank-field surveys carried out at 1.1 mm with AzTEC, totalling 1.6 deg^2 in area with root-mean-square depths ranging from 0.4 to 1.7 mJy, and derive the strongest constraints to date on the 1.1 mm source counts at flux densities S_1100= 1–12 mJy. Using additional data from the AzTEC Cluster Environment Survey to extend the counts to S1100∼ 20 mJy, we see tentative evidence for an enhancement relative to the exponential drop in the counts at S_1100∼ 13 mJy and a smooth connection to the bright source counts at >20 mJy measured by the South Pole Telescope; this excess may be due to strong-lensing effects. We compare these counts to predictions from several semi-analytical and phenomenological models and find that for most the agreement is quite good at flux densities ≳ 4 mJy; however, we find significant discrepancies (≳ 3σ) between the models and the observed 1.1-mm counts at lower flux densities, and none of them is consistent with the observed turnover in the Euclidean-normalized counts at S_1100≲ 2 mJy. Our new results therefore may require modifications to existing evolutionary models for low-luminosity galaxies. Alternatively, the discrepancy between the measured counts at the faint end and predictions from phenomenological models could arise from limited knowledge of the spectral energy distributions of faint galaxies in the local Universe.

Detection of an ultrabright submillimetre galaxy in the Subaru/XMM-Newton Deep Field using AzTEC/ASTE

We report on the detection of an extremely bright (∼37 mJy at 1100u2002μm and ∼91 mJy at 880u2002μm) submillimetre galaxy (SMG), AzTEC-ASTE-SXDF1100.001 (hereafter referred to as SXDF1100.001 or Orochi), discovered in the 1100u2002μm observations of the Subaru/XMM–Newtonu2002Deep Fieldu2002using AzTEC on ASTE. Subsequent CARMA 1300-μm and SMA 880-μm observations successfully pinpoint the location of Orochi and suggest that it has two components, one extended [full width at half-maximum (FWHM) of ∼4 arcsec] and one compact (unresolved). Z-Spec on CSO has also been used to obtain a wide-band spectrum from 190 to 308 GHz, although no significant emission/absorption lines were found. The derived upper limit to the line-to-continuum flux ratio is 0.1–0.3 (2σ) across the Z-Spec band. nBased on the analysis of the derived spectral energy distribution from optical to radio wavelengths of possible counterparts near the SMA/CARMA peak position, we suggest that Orochi is a lensed, optically dark SMG lying atu2002zu2002∼ 3.4 behind a foreground, optically visible (but red) galaxy atu2002zu2002∼ 1.4. The deduced apparent (i.e., no correction for magnification) infrared luminosity (L_(IR)) and star formation rate (SFR) are 6 × 10^(13) L_⊙ and 11 000 M_⊙ yr^(−1), respectively, assuming that theu2002L_(IR) is dominated by star formation. These values suggest that Orochi will consume its gas reservoir within a short time-scale (3 × 10^7 yr), which is indeed comparable to those in extreme starbursts like the centres of local ultraluminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs).

The far-infrared/submillimeter properties of galaxies located behind the Bullet cluster *,**

The Herschel Lensing Survey (HLS) takes advantage of gravitational lensing by massive galaxy clusters to sample a population of high-redshift galaxies which are too faint to be detected above the confusion limit of current far-infrared/submillimeter telescopes. Measurements from 100–500 μm bracket the peaks of the far-infrared spectral energy distributions of these galaxies, characterizing their infrared luminosities and star formation rates. We introduce initial results from our science demonstration phase observations, directed toward the Bullet cluster (1E0657-56). By combining our observations with LABOCA 870 μm and AzTEC 1.1 mm data we fully constrain the spectral energy distributions of 19 MIPS 24 μm-selected galaxies which are located behind the cluster. We find that their colors are best fit using templates based on local galaxies with systematically lower infrared luminosities. This suggests that our sources are not like local ultra-luminous infrared galaxies in which vigorous star formation is contained in a compact highly dust-obscured region. Instead, they appear to be scaled up versions of lower luminosity local galaxies with star formation occurring on larger physical scales.

SUBMILLIMETER ARRAY IDENTIFICATION OF THE MILLIMETER-SELECTED GALAXY SSA22-AzTEC1: A PROTOQUASAR IN A PROTOCLUSTER?

We present results from Submillimeter Array (SMA) 860 {mu}m subarcsecond astrometry and multiwavelength observations of the brightest millimeter (S{sub 1.1mm} = 8.4 mJy) source, SSA22-AzTEC1, found near the core of the SSA22 protocluster that is traced by Ly{alpha}-emitting galaxies at z = 3.09. We identify a 860 {mu}m counterpart with a flux density of S{sub 860{sub {mu}m}} = 12.2 {+-} 2.3 mJy and absolute positional accuracy that is better than 0.3. At the SMA position, we find radio-to-mid-infrared counterparts, whilst no object is found in Subaru optical and near-infrared deep images at wavelengths { 25.4 in AB, 2{sigma}). The photometric redshift estimate, using flux densities at {>=}24 {mu}m, indicates z{sub phot} = 3.19{sup +0.26}{sub -0.35}, consistent with the protocluster redshift. We then model the near-to-mid-infrared spectral energy distribution (SED) of SSA22-AzTEC1, and find that the SED modeling requires a large extinction (A{sub V} {approx} 3.4 mag) of starlight from a stellar component with M{sub star} {approx} 10{sup 10.9} M{sub sun}, assuming z = 3.1. Additionally, we find a significant X-ray counterpart with a very hard spectrum ({Gamma}{sub eff} = -0.34{sup +0.57}{sub -0.61}), strongly suggesting that SSA22-AzTEC1 harbors a luminous active galactic nuclei (AGNs; L{sub X} {approx} 3morexa0» x 10{sup 44} erg s{sup -1}) behind a large hydrogen column (N{sub H} {approx} 10{sup 24} cm{sup -2}). The AGN, however, is responsible for only {approx}10% of the bolometric luminosity of the host galaxy, and therefore the star formation activity likely dominates the submillimeter emission. It is possible that SSA22-AzTEC1 is the first example of a protoquasar growing at the bottom of the gravitational potential underlying the SSA22 protocluster.«xa0less

Unveiling the Nature of Submillimeter Galaxy SXDF 850.6

We present an 880 μm Submillimeter Array (SMA) detection of the submillimeter galaxy SXDF 850.6. SXDF 850.6 is a bright source (S 850 μm = 8 mJy) detected in the SCUBA Half Degree Extragalactic Survey and has multiple possible radio counterparts in its deep radio image obtained at the VLA. Our new SMA detection finds that the submillimeter emission coincides with the brightest radio emission that is found ~8 north of the coordinates determined from SCUBA. Despite the lack of detectable counterparts in deep UV/optical images, we find a source at the SMA position in near-infrared and longer wavelength images. We perform spectral energy distribution (SED) model fits to UV-optical-IR photometry (u, B, V, R, i, z, J, H, K, 3.6 μm, 4.5 μm, 5.8 μm, and 8.0 μm) and to submillimeter-radio photometry (850 μm, 880 μm, 1100 μm, and 21 cm) independently, and we find both are well described by starburst templates at a redshift of z 2.2 ± 0.3. The best-fit parameters from the UV-optical-IR SED fit are a redshift of z = 1.87+0.15 –0.07, a stellar mass of M = 2.5+2.2 –0.3 × 1011 M ☉, an extinction of AV = 3.0+0.3 –1.0 mag, and an age of 720+1880 –210 Myr. The submillimeter-radio SED fit provides a consistent redshift of z ~ 1.8-2.5, an IR luminosity of L IR = (7-26) ×1012 L ☉, and a star formation rate of 1300-4500 M ☉ yr–1. These results suggest that SXDF 850.6 is a mature system already having a massive amount of old stellar population constructed before its submillimeter bright phase and is experiencing a dusty starburst, possibly induced by major mergers.

AzTEC/ASTE 1.1-mm survey of SSA22: Counterpart identification and photometric redshift survey of submillimetre galaxies

This article has been accepted for publication in Monthly Notices Of The Royal Astronomical Society ©: 2014 H. Umehata et al. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.

AzTEC 1.1 mm images of 16 radio galaxies at 0.5<z<5.2 and a quasar at z=6.3

We present 1.1-mm observations for a sample of 16 powerful radio galaxies at 0.5 <u2002zu2002< 5.2 and a radio-quiet quasar atu2002zu2002= 6.3, obtained using the AzTEC bolometer array mounted on the Atacama Submillimetre Telescope Experiment (ASTE) or the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT). This paper more than doubles the number of high-zu2002radio galaxies imaged at millimetre/submillimetre wavelengths. We detect probable millimetre-wave counterparts for 11 of the active galaxies. The six active galaxies that do not have a probable millimetre counterpart in our images nevertheless have one or more likely associated millimetric source. Thus, we conclude that powerful (radio-loud) active galaxies at high-zu2002are beacons for finding luminous millimetre/submillimetre galaxies at high-z. The flux densities of our AzTECu2002counterpartsu2002imply star formation rates ranging from <200 to ∼1300 M⊙xa0yr−1. In addition, we find that for the radio galaxies the 1.1-mm flux density is anticorrelated with the largest angular size of the radio source. n n n nWe also present newu2002Spitzeru2002imaging observations of several active galaxies in our sample. Combining these with archival data, we examine the mid-infrared colours of our sample. We find that radio galaxies for which we have detected a probable 1.1-mm counterpart have mid-infrared colours consistent with dusty starbursts, and are usually bluer than high-zu2002Spitzer-selected active galaxies. In addition, we find arcs of 24-m sources extending across ∼200–500xa0kpc, apparently associated with three of the radio galaxies.