H. Klausing

Strain, morphological, and growth-mode changes in AlGaN single layers at high AlN mole fraction

We report on morphological and residual-strain characteristics of high-AlN-mole-fraction N-polar AlxGa1−xN epilayers on sapphire. Nominally relaxed, thick single-alloy layers in the compositional range 0.4<x<1 were grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (PA-MBE) and characterized structurally and optically. High-resolution X-ray diffraction using an extension of the Bond method was employed to examine residual strains while film morphologies were examined directly with the use of atomic force microscopy. Under nominally identical PA-MBE growth conditions apart from Al flux, a continuous change in growth characteristics as a function of Al flux (alloy composition) is observed. For one particular value of Al flux (corresponding to x≅0.65), a maximum in growth rate and minimum in surface roughness are found whereas at a somewhat greater flux value (corresponding to x=0.86) a minimum in stress (lateral and vertical) is obtained. The observed growth-mode phenomenology suggests an approach for improving PA-MBE growth of high-AlN-mole-fraction layers of certain AlGaN/GaN structures such as the distributed Bragg reflector. Finally, optical transmission experiments lead to a bandgap bowing parameter in the large-x region of AlxGa1−xN of b≅0.75.

Electron Beam Pumped Nitride Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Structures with AlGaN/AlN DBR Mirrors

Vertical cavity surface emitting structures designed for electron beam (EB) pumping have been grown by plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy (PA-MBE). For the first time, AlGaN/AlN DBRs in conjunction with dielectric SiO 2 /HfO 2 reflectors are utilized to embed GaN/AlGaN MQWs. PL spectra measured under weak photoexcitation reveal an enhancement of spontaneous emission reaching a Q factor of 425. One hybrid structure has been successfully pumped by pulsed EB and laser excitation showing an onset of stimulated emission.

Formation and Characterization of Oxides on GaN surfaces

We characterized oxides formed directly on n -GaN surfaces. The methods used for oxide layer formation were both photoanodic oxidation and thermal oxidation. The photoanodic oxidation took place in aqueous solutions of potassium hydroxide with pH values lower than 13. Homogenous oxide films were obtained in the voltage range from -0.6 V to 0.4 V vs the saturated calomel electrode (SCE). The characterization of the oxide layers was performed primarily by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). First the surface chemistry was determined, proving that Ga-oxide is formed with an attributed stoichiometry of Ga 2 O 3 . Secondly, depth profiling shows the oxide thickness to be dependent on the photoanodic voltage and oxidation time. Complementary X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies suggest an amorphous state of the formed layers. Annealing GaN in O 2 -atmospheres above 900°C also lead to surfaces fully covered with gallium oxide. We found that N-polar surfaces oxidize faster than Ga-polar surfaces, which is in agreement to the theoretical work of Zywietz et al [1]. Furthermore, we report on the electrical properties of the anodized oxide layers by analyzing MOS structures.

HRTEM study of AlxGa1−xN/AlN DBR mirrors

Abstract In the present work semiconductor quarter wavelength distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) mirrors have been studied by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The mirrors have been fabricated monolithically by plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) on sapphire (0001) substrates. The samples are conformed of a large number of Al x Ga 1− x N/AlN layers with 5.5 and 20.5 periods, both with different aluminium concentration. The samples have been designed utilising spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) dispersion spectra of previously fabricated single layers. The aim of this work was to determine the distortion of lattice parameters of Al x Ga 1− x N/AlN epilayers, since this is important for the later production of vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs). Distortions of half periods layers were determined from HRTEM techniques and are compared with the distortion determination using an equilibrium theory and high resolution X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements.

Influence of Process Technology on DC-Performance of GaN-Based HFETs

This work reports on the influence of the surface and the gate length on the performance of AlGaN/ GaN based Hetero Field Effect Transistors (HFETs). Differently NH 4 S x treated surfaces result in variation of the drain current I Dmax of more then 100%. Gate recessing by photoelectrochemical treatment changes the threshold voltage V th but affects the drain current little. Next, the reduction of the gate length increases the I Dmax further by more than 60%. The I Dmax values for the transistors are 350 mA mm -1 for the NH 4 S x -treated, 850 mA for the untreated, and 1.43 A mm -1 for the one with a 0.2 μm gate length. The corresponding transconductances g m are 66, 150, and 280 mS mm -1 , respectively. Surface analysis with Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) and contact characterization (TLM) reveals, that the NH 4 S x treatment removes the native oxide and increases the contact resistance as well. Therefore we attribute the increase of I Dmax and g m mainly to a beneficial behavior of gallium-oxide at the surface on the sheet carrier density n s of the 2DEG at the heterointerface.

Effect of high temperature single and multiple AlN intermediate layers on N-polar and Ga-polar GaN grown by molecular beam epitaxy

Wurtzite GaN samples containing one, three and five 4nm thick high temperature (HT) AlN Interlayers (IL) have been grown on (0001) sapphire substrates by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (PAMBE). N-polar as well as Ga-polar thin films have been characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and electrical measurements. All samples under consideration show excellent AFM rms surface roughness below 1nm. Previously, we published a reduction of the threading dislocation (TD) density by a factor of seven due to the introduction of one AlN-IL. When introducing multiple AlN-IL a reduction by a factor of 5.2 is achieved. Hall measurements show a rise in electron mobility due to possible 2DEG formation at the interface between GaN and the AlN-ILs. Significant growth mode differences between Ga-polar and N-polar samples result in drastically higher electron mobility values for N-polar material. For N-polar samples the exceptional mobility increase from 68 (no AlN-IL) to 707 cm 2 /Vs (one AlN-IL) as well as the extremely low intrinsic carrier density of 1 x 10 17 cm -3 prove the applicability of AlN barriers in inverted FET devices.

AlGaN/GaN-based MOSHFETs with different gate dielectrics and treatments

AlGaN/GaN based hetero field effect transistors (HFETs) were capped with different dielectrics, characterized, and tested for DC performance. As dielectrics we use SiO 2 and photoelectrochemical (PEC) grown Al x Ga 2-x O 3 . Combination of this two dielectrics show best performance with respect to gate leakage current and controllability of the drain current ID. TheMOSHEFTs work also at positive gate voltages in accumulation, which is also demonstrated in a broad transconductance peak. The PEC oxidation shows low density of interface states D it and the insulating properties depend strongly on the PEC conditions. Pre-treatments before the SiO 2 deposition result in varying threshold voltages |Vth| and it seems that (NH 4 )Sx pre-treatment leaves the surface in best conditions. Comparison of Ti/Al and Ti/Al/Ti/Au as source/drain contacts for AlGaN/GaN HFETs are done and the annealing behavior of Ti/Al/Ti/Au is displayed resulting in contact resistance as low as RC = 2 &mm after annealing at 850°C in N 2 .

Characterization of Al x Ga 1-x N/ AlyGa1-yN Distributed Bragg Reflectors Grown by Plasma Assisted Molecular Beam Epitaxy

Al x Ga 1-x N/ AlyGa1-yN Distributed Bragg Reflectors (DBRs) with up to 45 periods have been grown on (0001) sapphire substrates by r.f. plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (PAMBE) with the aid of two Al effusion cells. Several samples were grown with an Al mole fraction varying between 0.38 ≤ x ≤ 1 (0 ≤ y ≤ 0.4) at temperatures of up to 890°C. In all samples, an Al x Ga 1-x N buffer layer was used to prevent cracking of the quarter wave stack and improving surface morphology by choosing the Al content so that strain energy in the DBR structure would be compensated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) investigations were performed to determine the thickness of the quarter wave layer periods and the Al mole fraction of corresponding Al x Ga 1-x N single layers. Room-temperature calibrated reflection and transmission (R&T) measurements were performed. Thus stray and self-absorption of the DBRs were extracted from reflectance and transmittance. The thickness of the quarter wave layers was designed such that the measured peak reflectances appeared between 346 nm to 421 nm. The dispersion data, including refractive indices and absorption coefficients, used in the calculation were extracted from R&T measurements done on the above mentioned Al x Ga 1-x N single layers.