H.L. Frobose

Amino acid digestibility and energy concentration of high-protein corn dried distillers grains and high-protein sorghum dried distillers grains with solubles for swine

A study was conducted to determine the AA digestibility and energy concentration of a specialized high-protein corn distillers dried grains (HPC-DDG) product and a high-protein sorghum dried distillers grains with solubles (HPS-DDGS) product. Six growing barrows (BW = 22.7 kg) were surgically fitted with T-cannulas at the terminal ileum and allotted randomly to 3 treatments in a crossover design with 3 periods. The treatment diets were 1) 67% HPC-DDG and 2) 50% HPS-DDGS as the sole protein sources, and 3) an N-free diet for determining basal endogenous AA loss. All diets contained 0.25% chromic oxide as an inert marker. Digesta and fecal samples were collected and analyzed for AA and energy concentrations. After chemical analysis, standardized and apparent ileal digestible (SID and AID, respectively) AA and GE were determined for each coproduct. The DE, ME, and NE values for HPC-DDG and HPS-DDGS also were calculated. The chemical composition of HPC-DDG and HPS-DDGS on a DM basis was 40.8% CP, 5.4% fat, 22.9% ADF, 36.6% NDF, 0.04% Ca, and 0.42% P and 48.2% CP, 3.1% fat, 17.5% ADF, 20.4% NDF, 0.13% Ca, and 0.82% P, respectively. The DM content of HPC-DDG and HPS-DDGS was 89.50 and 91.88%, respectively. Analyzed AA content of HPC-DDG was greater than that of traditional corn DDGS. The Lys content of HPC-DDG was 1.36% (DM basis), resulting in a Lys-to-CP ratio of 3.2%. In HPS-DDGS, most AA were present in greater proportions than in HPC-DDG or conventional sorghum DDGS. The HPS-DDGS Lys content was 1.7% (DM basis), equivalent to a Lys-to-CP ratio of 3.5%. In HPC-DDG, the AID for Lys, Met, Thr, and Trp were 65.9 ± 1.7, 87.0 ± 1.9, 72.8 ± 3.4, and 76.2% ± 3.5, respectively, and SID values were 67.8 ± 1.7, 87.5 ± 1.9, 75.0 ± 3.5, and 78.6 ± 3.7%, respectively. For HPS-DDGS, the AID for Lys, Met, Thr, and Trp were 51.9 ± 5.3, 73.0 ± 3.1, 60.6 ± 5.3, and 71.7 ± 3.4%, respectively, and SID values were 53.7 ± 4.9, 73.8 ± 3.0, 63.0 ± 4.9, and 73.8 ± 3.0%, respectively. The GE, DE, and calculated ME and NE values were 5,293, 3,703 ± 121, 3,426 ± 121, and 2,131 ± 88 kcal/kg of DM, respectively, for HPC-DDG and 5,108, 3,878, 3,549, and 2,256 kcal/kg of DM, respectively, for HPS-DDGS. Results indicate that both coproducts are well suited for use in swine diets and that actual AA digestibility values and calculated energy concentrations can now be used in swine diet formulation.

The effects of deoxynivalenol-contaminated corn dried distillers grains with solubles in nursery pig diets and potential for mitigation by commercially available feed additives.

Four experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) from naturally contaminated dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) and the efficacy of feed additives in nursery pig diets. In Exp. 1, 180 pigs (10.3 ± 0.2 kg BW) were fed 1 of 5 diets for 21 d. Diets were 1) Positive Control (PC; < 0.5 mg/kg DON), 2) Negative Control (NC; 4 mg/kg DON), 3) NC + 0.10% Biofix (Biomin Inc., Herzogenburg, Austria), 4) NC + 0.15% Cel-can (VAST Inc., Mason City, IA) and 0.50% bentonite clay, and 5) NC + 0.25% Defusion Plus (Cargill Animal Nutrition, Minneapolis, MN). Pigs fed the NC diet had poorer ( < 0.01) ADG than those fed the PC. Pigs fed Defusion Plus had improved ( < 0.03) ADG over those fed NC, whereas pigs fed Biofix or Cel-can with bentonite clay had reduced ADG ( < 0.01) compared with those fed PC. In Exp. 2, 340 pigs (11.7 ± 0.1 kg BW) were fed 1 of 8 diets for 21 d. Diets were 1) PC (< 0.5 mg/kg DON), 2) Low NC (1.5 mg/kg DON), 3) Low NC + 0.15% Biofix, 4) Low NC + 0.30% Biofix, 5) High NC (3.0 mg/kg DON), 6) High NC + 0.30% Biofix, 7) High NC + 0.45% Biofix, and 8) Diet 7 with 5% added water. Increasing the DON level reduced (linear; < 0.05) ADG, ADFI, and pig BW, and Biofix did not improve performance. In Exp. 3, 1,008 pigs (12.5 ± 0.3 kg BW) were fed 6 treatments for 24 d. Diets were 1) PC ( < 0.5 mg/kg DON), 2) NC (3 mg/kg DON), 3) NC + 0.25% Defusion, 4) NC + 0.50% Defusion, 5) Diet 3 with supplemental nutrients, and 6) Diet 5, pelleted. Pigs fed the NC had decreased ( < 0.01) ADG and ADFI, but adding Defusion improved (linear; < 0.04) ADG and ADFI over pigs fed NC. Pelleting improved ( < 0.01) both ADG and G:F, resulting in ADG above PC pigs. In Exp. 4, 980 pigs (12.0 ± 0.3 kg BW) were fed 1 of 7 diets in a 28-d trial in a 2 × 3 + 1 factorial arrangement. The 7 treatments were based on 3 diets fed in meal or pellet form: 1) PC (< 0.5 mg/kg DON), 2) NC (3 mg/kg DON), and 3) NC + 0.25% Defusion. Treatment 7 was Diet 3 with supplemental nutrients in pellet form. No interactions were observed between pelleting and Defusion. Pigs fed the NC had decreased ( < 0.01) ADG and ADFI, and pelleting improved ( < 0.01) ADG to PC levels, driven by improved ( < 0.01) G:F. Adding nutrients or Defusion had no effect. Overall, these studies show that Defusion and pelleting can help overcome some of the negative effects of DON, whereas other feed additives and additional nutrients do not.

The effects of feed budgeting, complete diet blending, and corn supplement blending on finishing pig growth performance in a commercial environment

A total of 808 pigs (PIC 337 x 1050, initially 78.4 ± 1.4 lb BW) were used to compare different feed-blending strategies for finishing pigs using the FeedPro system (Feedlogic Corp., Willmar, MN). There were 3 experimental treatments: (1) a standard-phase complete feed program, (2) blending a highand low-lysine complete diet (curve), and (3) blending ground corn and a supplement. FeedPro is an integrated feed dispensing system that can deliver and blend 2 separate diets while dispensing. Treatment diets were fed over 4 phases (78 to 231 lb BW) with a common complete diet containing Paylean fed during the fifth phase. The 5 phases were from 78 to 115, 115 to 157, 157 to 191, 191 to 239, and 239 to 281 lb. Each treatment had 10 replicate pens and 26 to 27 pigs per pen. Overall (d 0 to 78), pigs phase-fed complete diets had greater (P < 0.01) ADG than pigs fed blended diets and tended to have greater (P < 0.07) ADG than those fed the ground corn-supplement blend. Pigs fed the blended diets had lower (P < 0.001) ADFI than pigs phase-fed complete diets or fed the corn-supplement blend. However, pigs fed blended diets had improved (P < 0.001) F/G compared to pigs phase-fed a ground corn-supplement blend and tended to have improved (P < 0.07) F/G compared to pigs fed standard-phase diets. Pigs fed standard-phase diets had heavier (P < 0.03) HCW than pigs fed the corn-supplement blend and tended to have heavier (P < 0.03) HCW than pigs fed diets on a lysine curve. However, there were no differences (P ≥ 0.11) in percentage yield, percentage lean, fat depth, or loin depth among treatments. There were no differences (P ≥ 0.11) in total revenue or income over feed costs (IOFC) across treatments. However, standard phase-fed pigs held a numerical advantage in total revenue, mainly driven by a heavier HCW over other treatments. Also, pigs fed a ground corn-supplement blend had numerically the lowest IOFC compared to other treatments. In conclusion, feeding using the FeedPro system is competitive with standard phase-fed diets on a net return basis, while feeding a ground corn-supplement blend adversely affected net returns.

Effects of potential detoxifying agents on growth performance and deoxynivalenol (DON) urinary balance characteristics of nursery pigs fed DON-contaminated wheat

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate potential detoxifying agents on growth of nursery pigs fed deoxynivalenol (DON)-contaminated diets. Naturally DON-contaminated wheat (6 mg/kg) was used to achieve desired DON levels. In a 21-d study, 238 pigs (13.4 ± 1.8 kg BW) were used in a completely randomized design with a 2 × 2 + 1 factorial arrangement. Diets were: 1) Positive control (PC; < 0.5 mg/kg DON), 2) PC + 1.0% Product V (Nutriquest LLC, Mason City, IA), 3) Negative control (NC; 4.0 mg/kg DON), 4) NC + 1.0% Product V, and 5) NC + 1.0% sodium metabisulfite (SMB; Samirian Chemicals, Campbell, CA). There were 6 or 7 replicate pens/treatment and 7 pigs/pen. Analyzed DON was decreased by 92% when pelleted with SMB, but otherwise matched formulated levels. Overall, a DON × Product V interaction was observed for ADG ( 0.05) with a tendency for an interaction for ADFI ( 0.10). As anticipated, DON reduced ( 0.001) ADG and ADFI, but the interaction was driven by even poorer growth when Product V was added to NC diets. Pigs fed NC diets had 10% poorer G:F ( 0.001) than PC-fed pigs. Reductions in ADG due to DON were most distinct (50%) during the initial period. Adding SMB to NC diets improved ( 0.01) ADG, ADFI, and G:F, and improved ( 0.02) ADG and G:F compared to the PC diet. A urinary balance study was conducted using diets 3 to 5 from Exp. 1 to evaluate Product V and SMB on DON urinary metabolism. A 10 d adaptation was followed by a 7 d collection using 24 barrows in a randomized complete block design. Pigs fed NC + SMB diet had greater urinary DON output ( 0.05) than pigs fed NC + Product V, with NC pigs intermediate. Daily DON excretion was lowest ( 0.05) in the NC + SMB pigs. However, degradation of DON-sulfonate back to the parent DON molecule was observed as pigs fed NC + SMB excreted more DON than they consumed (164% of daily DON intake), greater ( 0.001) than pigs fed the NC (59%) or NC + Product V (48%). Overall, Product V did not alleviate DON effects on growth nor did it reduce DON absorption and excretion. However, hydrothermally processing DON-contaminated diets with 1.0% SMB restored ADFI and improved G:F. Even so, the urinary balance experiment revealed that some of the converted DON-sulfonate can degrade back to DON under physiological conditions. While further research is needed to discern the stability of the DON-sulfonate, SMB appears promising to restore performance in pelleted DON-contaminated diets.

Effects of preslaughter feed withdrawal time on finishing pig carcass, body weight gain, and food safety characteristics in a commercial environment.

The effects of feed withdrawal time before slaughter on finishing pig carcass composition were evaluated in 2 studies. In Exp. 1, 728 pigs (BW = 128.9 ± 1.2 kg) were allotted to 1 of 4 treatments in a randomized design with number of pigs per pen and location within barn balanced across treatment. The 4 treatments were feed withdrawal times of 8, 24, 36, or 48 h and there were 12 replicate pens per treatment. Before feed withdrawal, pigs were fed a standard corn-soybean meal diet containing dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS), bakery coproducts, and 5.0 mg/kg ractopamine HCl. Feed withdrawal time decreased (linear; P < 0.02) live weight, HCW, and backfat while increasing percentage yield (quadratic; P < 0.01) and fat-free lean index (FFLI; linear; P < 0.001). In Exp. 2, 843 pigs (BW = 125.4 ± 1.6 kg) were used to determine the impact of feed withdrawal on growth, carcass, blood lactate, and meat quality. There were 4 treatments: withholding feed for 8, 12, 24, or 36 h, with 10 replicates per treatment. Pigs were fed a common corn-soybean meal-based diet containing 20% DDGS and 5.0 mg/kg ractopamine HCl. Withholding feed decreased (linear; P < 0.001) live weight, ultimately resulting in decreased (P < 0.01) HCW. There were no differences in FFLI or backfat, but percentage yield (linear; P < 0.001) increased with longer withdrawal times. Carcass contaminations by stomach contents escaping from the oral cavity after shackling (leaking ingesta) or visible fecal contamination of the exterior of the carcass (runny bung) were also measured. Although withholding feed did not affect runny bung, it increased (linear; P < 0.001) the incidence of leaking ingesta, whereas blood lactate, visual color score, and purge loss were unaffected. Withholding feed increased 45-min pH (quadratic; P > 0.02) and ultimate pH (linear; P < 0.01) and increased (quadratic; P < 0.03) visual marbling score. Withholding feed decreased (linear; P < 0.001) feed intake, resulting in feed savings of up to 3 kg/pig. Although several heavyweight pigs were removed before trial commencement and the variable number of remaining pigs per pen may have influenced the response to feed withdrawal, the present data indicates that finishing pigs can experience between 24 and 36 h of feed withdrawal without negatively affecting carcass composition. However, the increased incidence of leaking ingesta beyond 12 h of feed withdrawal is concerning.

Evaluating the effects of pelleting deoxynivalenol-contaminated dried distillers grains with solubles in the presence of sodium metabisulfite on analyzed DON levels.

Deoxynivalenol (DON), also known as vomitoxin, was prevalent in the 2009 U.S. corn crop and subsequently present in dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS), in which DON levels are about 3 times higher than the original corn source. One method shown to reduce DON levels was by increasing moisture and temperature when sodium bisulfite was added to DON-contaminated corn (Young et al., 19874). Therefore, a pilot study aimed first to replicate these results by placing DON-contaminated DDGS in an autoclave (60 min at 250°F) in the presence of sodium metabisulfite (SMB). The study used 6 treatments: (1) control, (2) 0.5% SMB, (3) 1.0% SMB, (4) 2.5% SMB, (5) 5.0% SMB, and (6) 5.0% SMB with 100 mL/kg water added to evaluate the role of water. After drying, samples were analyzed at North Dakota State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (NDSU; Fargo, ND). Autoclaving reduced DON levels (R2 = 0.99) with increasing SMB, justifying a follow-up study that aimed to assess whether SMB has the same detoxifying effects on corn DDGS in a commercial pellet mill.

Validation of Individual Computerized Sow Feeding Systems in Lactation

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The progression of deoxynivalenol-induced growth suppression in nursery pigs and the potential of an algae-modified montmorillonite clay to mitigate these effects

Two experiments were conducted to characterize the progression of deoxynivalenol (DON)-induced growth suppression and to investigate algae-modified montmorillonite clay (AMMC) as a means to alleviate the effects of DON in nursery pigs. In both experiments, naturally DON-contaminated wheat was used to produce diets with desired DON levels. In Exp. 1, 280 barrows and gilts (10.0 ± 0.2 kg BW) were used in a 28-d experiment arranged in a 2 × 2 + 1 factorial design with 8 replicates per treatment. The 5 treatments consisted of 2 positive control (PC) diets with DON below detection limits and with or without 0 or 0.50% AMMC and 3 negative control (NC) diets with 5 mg/kg of DON and containing 0, 0.25, or 0.50% AMMC. No DON × AMMC interactions were observed. Overall, pigs fed DON had decreased ( < 0.001) ADG and final BW regardless of AMMC addition. Feeding DON-contaminated diets elicited the most severe depression ( < 0.001) in ADFI and G:F from d 0 to 3, remaining poorer overall ( < 0.01) but lessening in severity as exposure time increased. Pigs fed DON diets had greater ( < 0.05) within pen BW variation (CV) on d 28. Although the addition of 0.50% AMMC to diets restored ( < 0.05) ADFI from d 14 to 21 to levels similar to the PC, no other differences were observed for AMMC inclusion. In Exp. 2, 360 barrows (11.4 ± 0.2 kg BW) were used in a 21-d experiment with 9 dietary treatments arranged in a 3 × 3 factorial design with DON and AMMC inclusion as main effects. There were 8 replicate pens per treatment. Treatments consisted of 3 PC diets without DON, 3 low-DON (1.5 mg/kg DON) NC diets, and 3 high-DON (3 mg/kg DON) NC diets with 0, 0.17, or 0.50% AMMC incorporated at each DON level. No DON × AMMC interactions were observed. As DON level increased, ADG and final BW decreased (quadratic, < 0.05), driven by decreased (quadratic, < 0.01) ADFI and poorer (quadratic; < 0.05) G:F. At both 1.5 and 3 mg/kg DON, reductions in ADG were most marked from d 0 to 7 (15 to 22% lower) and were least distinct from d 14 to 21 (5 to 6% lower). Incorporating AMMC at increasing levels had no effect on ADG, ADFI, G:F, or final BW. Overall, these experiments reinforce DON effects on feed intake but also indicate that the effects of DON on G:F may be more severe than previously thought. Furthermore, some pigs appear to develop tolerance to DON, as effects on ADFI and G:F lessen over time. However, the addition of AMMC did not offset the deleterious effects of DON.

Effects of Potential Detoxifying Agents on Growth Performance and Deoxynivalenol (DON) Urinary Balance Characteristics of Nursery Pigs Fed DON-Contaminated Wheat

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of detoxifying agents on the growth performance of nursery pigs fed diets contaminated with deoxynivalenol (DON). Naturally DON-contaminated wheat (6 ppm) replaced noncontaminated wheat in diets to achieve desired dietary DON concentrations. Basal ingredients were tested for mycotoxin and amino acid content prior to diet manufacturing. Diets were pelleted at 180 F with a 45-s conditioning time. A total of 238 barrows and gilts (PIC 327 × 1050; initially 29.6 ± 5.6 lb and 42 d of age) were used in a 21-d growth study. Pens of pigs were allotted by BW to 1 of 5 treatments in a completely randomized design with a 2 × 2 + 1 factorial arrangement. The 5 experimental diets included the following components, 1) positive control (PC; <0.5 mg/kg DON); 2) PC + 1.0% Product X (Nutriquest LLC, Mason City, IA); 3) negative control (NC; 4.0 mg/kg DON); 4) NC + 1.0% Product X; and 5) NC + 1.0% sodium metabisulfite (SMB; Samirian Chemicals, Campbell, CA). There were 6 or 7 replicate pens per treatment and 7 pigs per pen. Chemical analysis indicated a low level of fumonisin (<1 ppm) was present but that all DON concentrations matched calculated values. Analyzed DON concentrations were decreased by 92% when pelleted with SMB. Overall (d 0 to 21), a DON × Product X interaction was observed for ADG (P < 0.05) and ADFI (P < 0.10). Adding Product X to PC diets had no effect on ADG or ADFI; however, when added to NC diets, ADG, and ADFI became worse. As anticipated, DON reduced (P < 0.001) ADG, ADFI, and F/G by 24, 16, and 10%, respectively. Deoxynivalenol-associated reductions in ADG were most distinct (50%) during the initial period (0.42 vs. 0.84 lb from d 0 to 7). Adding SMB to NC diets improved (P < 0.01) ADG, ADFI, and F/G compared to pigs fed the NC alone, and also improved (P < 0.02) ADG and F/G compared to pigs fed PC diets. A concurrent urinary balance experiment was conducted using diets 3 to 5 from Exp. 1 to evaluate Product X and SMB on DON urinary metabolism. A 10-d adaptation was followed by a 7-d collection using 24 barrows in a randomized complete block design. Pigs fed NC + SMB diet had greater urinary output (P < 0.05) than pigs fed NC + Product X, with NC pigs intermediate. Daily DON excretion was lowest (P < 0.05) in the NC + SMB pigs. However, as a percentage of daily DON intake, NC + SMB fed pigs excreted more DON than they consumed (164%), greater (P < 0.001) than pigs fed the NC (59%) or NC + Product X (48%), and indicative of degradation of DON back to the parent DON molecule. Overall, Product X did not alleviate DON effects on growth nor did it reduce DON absorption and excretion. However, hydrothermally processing DON-contaminated diets with 1.0% SMB restored ADFI and improved F/G. Even so, the urinary balance experiment revealed that some of the converted DON-sulfonate could degrade back to DON under physiological conditions. While SMB appears promising to restore performance in pelleted DONcontaminated diets, additional research needs to address handling and long-term supplementation concerns and to evaluate the stability of the DON-sulfonate conversion.

Evaluation of Bovine Plasma Source and a Dried Milk Product on Nursery Pig Growth in a Commercial Environment

A total of 360 barrows and gilts (PIC 359 × C29; initially 13.7 ± 3.1 lb and 19 d of age) were used in a 24-d experiment evaluating the effect of different specialty ingredients on nursery pig growth performance. This experiment was conducted in a commercial research nursery (Cooperative Research Farm Nursery; Sycamore, OH). At weaning, pigs were allotted to pens by initial BW and to one of four dietary treatments in a completely randomized design. There were 9 pens per treatment with 10 pigs per pen. Experimental diets were fed from d 0 to 10, with a common diet fed from d 10 to 24. Experimental diets were: 1) Negative control (NC); 2) NC + 5% bovine Plasma A (AP920, APC Inc.; Ankeny, IA); 3) NC + 5% bovine Plasma B (Promax; Protena S.A., Nicaragua); and 4) NC + 5% dried milk (Nutrigold; International Ingredients Corporation Inc., St. Louis, MO). All diets contained 5% fishmeal and were balanced for SID lysine, lactose, and salt. Diets were fed in pellet form. From d 0 to 10, pigs fed either Plasma A or B had greater (P < 0.01) ADG and ADFI than pigs fed the NC or Nutrigold diets. Pigs fed Nutrigold had increased (P < 0.01) ADG compared to pigs fed the NC diet. Also, F/G was improved (P < 0.001) for pigs fed either Plasma A or B and Nutrigold diets compared to those fed the NC. During the common period (d 10 to 24), there were no differences for ADG or ADFI, although the pigs previously fed NC had improved (1.24 vs. 1.31; P < 0.01) F/ G compared to those previously fed Plasma A. Overall (d 0 to 24), pigs fed Plasma A and B had greater (P < 0.02) ADG and ADFI than NC pigs. Pigs fed Plasma B had increased (P < 0.04) ADG relative to pigs fed Nutrigold. In summary, both plasma sources increased feed intake and growth with no differences among sources. Nutrigold also improved performance compared to the NC.