H. Nakken

Being part of the peer group : a literature study focusing on the social dimension of inclusion in education

Maximizing the interaction between pupils with and without special needs is generally considered an important aspect of inclusion. However, it is frequently questioned whether pupils with special educational needs (SEN) in regular classrooms have interactions and friendships with their peers. In order to be able to evaluate these relationships, it is necessary to clarify concepts such as social participation, social integration and social inclusion. At the moment there is much ambiguity regarding these concepts. This article aims to elucidate on these concepts and reveal its characteristic themes. An analysis of literature was carried out to identify these concepts. In the final analysis, 62 articles were included. This analysis showed that the concept social integration and the related concepts of social inclusion and social participation are often described inaccurately, with only a few researchers providing explicit definitions or descriptions. In the majority of articles, implicit descriptions can be derived from instruments used to measure social integration, social inclusion or social participation: it is apparent there is much overlap among the use of concepts by researchers. Based on the analysis of the 62 articles, it can be concluded that the concepts social integration, social inclusion and social participation are used as synonyms. In our opinion, social participation is the most suitable concept. The analysis of literature reveals four key themes central to all three concepts: friendships/relationships, interactions/contacts, perception of the pupil with SEN and acceptance by classmates.

Social Participation of Students with Special Needs in Regular Primary Education in the Netherlands.

This study addresses the social participation of young students (Grades One to Three) with special needs in regular Dutch primary schools. More specifically, the focus lies on four key themes related to social participation: friendships/relationships, contacts/interactions, students’ social self‐perception, and acceptance by classmates. The outcomes of the study revealed that the majority of students with special needs have a satisfactory degree of social participation. However, compared with students without special needs, a relatively large portion of the students with special needs experience difficulties in their social participation. In general, students with special needs have a significantly lower number of friends and are members of a cohesive subgroup less often than their typical peers. In addition, students with special needs have fewer interactions with classmates, have more interactions with the teacher, and are less accepted than students without special needs. The social self‐perception of both groups of students does not differ. A comparison between students with different categories of disability regarding the four themes of social participation revealed no significant differences.

Contacts with classmates: the social position of pupils with Down's syndrome in Dutch mainstream education

An important aspect of integrating special needs pupils in mainstream education is social integration. Parents of Downs syndrome children and their teachers in regular education regard contact with peers as of utmost importance for these childrens development. Until recently, there was little research in The Netherlands on social contact between mainstream Downs syndrome children and their classmates. The study addresses the number and type of contacts in the regular classroom and the position occupied by the pupils involved within their peer group in regular education.

Getting along with classmates in regular schools: a review of the effects of integration on the development of social relationships

The objective of this review is to find out what knowledge is available regarding the effects of integrating pupils the sensory, motor and/or mental disabilities is regular schools. This review is restricted to the effects of integration on the development of social contacts with classmates without disabilities. Analysis of 14 studies revealed contradictory conclusions: no effects were reported in some studies, while in others researchers found that special needs pupils in regular schools acquired more social contacts and friendships, and that regular and special schools differed in this respect. Only a few studies revealed negative effects of integration.

Alertness in individuals with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities: A literature review

Direct support persons (DSPs) often face problems in observing and determining alertness in individuals with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities (PIMD). A literature study was carried out to gather information about the problems just described. A search of two electronic databases and the references found in relevant hits revealed 42 relevant publications. The results show that two types of descriptions of alertness can be distinguished: (1) those with a focus on the individual only or (2) those with a focus on the interaction of individual and environment. Several observation categories were used in the studies that were found. The reliability of the observations turned out to be a core problem in most of the studies. Only a limited number of environmental conditions that were expected to have an impact on alertness in individuals with PIMD were investigated. While modifications of the environment, interaction strategies, stimulation strategies and staff training were found to have a positive impact on alertness, studies about treatment activities led to conflicting results. Finally, we will formulate the resulting implications for future studies and for the development of an instrument for DSPs in order to observe alertness in individuals with PIMD in clinical practice.

Joining Forces: Supporting Individuals with Profound Multiple Learning Disabilities

Since 1999, one of the Special Interest Research Groups within the International Association for the Scientific Study of Intellectual Disabilities (IASSID) has been on profound multiple disabilities (PMD). This group has stimulated a world‐wide discussion on education and support for such individuals. However, it is evident that there is some disagreement about who is included in this category. There has also been a debate about the applicability of various policy changes for people with PMD. A third topic of discussion has been the need for more research related to this target group and the related research priorities. This paper profiles and discusses these questions.

The social position and development of pupils with SEN in mainstream Dutch primary schools

Since August 2003, pupils with auditory, communicative, motor, mental or multiple disabilities, as well as severe behavioural/emotional problems, in The Netherlands have been entitled to receive a pupil‐bound budget when attending a mainstream school. The first experiences with this budget in regular Dutch primary schools are described in this paper. The focus is on the social position and development of 20 special educational needs (SEN) pupils who were placed in mainstream primary schools. The class teacher, parent(s) and peripatetic teacher of each of the pupils were interviewed; interviews focused on the cognitive, social and social‐emotional development of the SEN pupils. In addition, the class teacher, parent(s), peripatetic teacher and classmates assessed the social position of the SEN pupil via interviews and a sociometric questionnaire. The results showed that teachers and parents and, to a lesser extent, peripatetic teachers, had a more positive view of the social position of the SEN pupils than did classmates. The results of the sociometric questionnaire indicated that the social position of the SEN pupils and that of their non‐SEN classmates did not differ significantly, however. In addition, a panel of five independent assessors assessed the cognitive, social and social‐emotional development of the 20 SEN pupils by examining anonymous pupil dossiers, which comprised information derived from interviews with class teachers, parents and peripatetic teachers, together with results of the sociometric questionnaire and a copy of the individual education programme (IEP) of the SEN pupils. The assessments showed that the panel had concerns about the development of 35% of these pupils; it was (very) positive about a further 35% of the SEN pupils. An expected relation between the social position of the SEN pupils and satisfaction of the panel concerning the development of the SEN pupils, however, was not found.

Family-centred care in family-specific teams

Objective: To evaluate the perceptions and views of parents and rehabilitation and special education professionals on the family-centredness of care delivered and received. Design: Descriptive study with comparison of ratings in family-specific teams. Setting: Five paediatric facilities in the Netherlands. Subjects: Parents of children with cerebral palsy and professionals providing their childrens rehabilitation and educational services. Main measures: The Dutch Measure of Processes of Care for families (MPOC-NL) and the Measure of Processes of Care for service providers (MPOC-SP). Data were collected and analysed per family. Results: In total 38 MPOC-NLs and 204 MPOC-SPs were returned. The family-specific team analysis of importance ratings yielded significant differences (P < 0.05) on all domains between parents, rehabilitation professionals and special education professionals. For Enabling and partnership (P < 0.01) and Specific information about the child (P < 0.01), parents considered the behaviours to be significantly more important than rehabilitation professionals. The problem-score analyses showed that in all domains a considerable number of parents (19—38%) did not receive the care they deemed important. Conclusion: Family-specific analyses of MPOC importance ratings revealed differences in attitudes towards importance of specific care behaviours of team members, which subsequently may have caused the relatively high incidence of parents not receiving the care they deemed important. This underscores the need to explore and attune opinions on what constitutes proper service delivery.

Children with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities: the effects of functional movement activities

Objective: To determine the effect of functional movement activities within the MOVE (Mobility Opportunities Via Education) curriculum on the independence of children with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities. Subjects: Forty-four children with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities. Setting: Centres for special education. Design: A quasi-experimental pretest–posttest with control group design. Intervention: The children in the control group (n = 12) participated in the regular programme at the centre of special education. The children within the experimental group (n = 32) were additionally supported by the MOVE curriculum. Method: Both group comparisons and individual analyses were conducted. Results: The level of independence of the experimental group increased significantly in performing movement skills; the control group did not increase significantly. At an individual level, 20 children (63%) of the experimental group improved in comparison with the control group, in which four children (33%) improved. Conclusion: Results showed that the children receiving functionally focused activities achieved the greatest improvements in independence when performing movement activities.

Specific Language Impairments and Behavioural Problems

The behavioural functioning of 56 children with a specific language impairment (SLI), aged 8, 10, and 12 years, was examined by using the Child Behaviour Checklist. Parents as well as teachers filled in the questionnaire. The data shows that 48% of the children with SLI were considered to have behavioural problems either at home or in school. The problems differ significantly from the norm group on internalizing behaviour and total behaviour. The children do not demonstrate more externalizing behaviour than children in the norm group. It is hypothesized that the absence of aggressive behaviour might be a characteristic of children with SLI.