Hae Sun Suh

Comparative effectiveness of statin plus fibrate combination therapy and statin monotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes: use of propensity-score and instrumental variable methods to adjust for treatment-selection bias

Type 2 diabetes is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. The comparative effectiveness of statin plus fibrate combination therapy and statin monotherapy in reducing risk of cardiovascular disease in real‐world settings is unknown.

Effect of Biocompatible Peritoneal Dialysis Solution on Residual Renal Function: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

♦ Introduction: Residual renal function (RRF) plays an important role in outcome of peritoneal dialysis (PD) including mortality. It is, therefore, important to provide a strategy for the preservation of RRF. The objective of this study was to evaluate relative protective effects of new glucose-based multicompartmental PD solution (PDS), which is well known to be more biocompatible than glucose-based conventional PDS, on RRF compared to conventional PDS by performing a systematic review (SR) of randomized controlled trials. ♦ Methods: We searched studies presented up to January 2014 in MEDLINE, EMBASE, the COCHRANE library, and local databases. Three independent reviewers reviewed and extracted prespecified data from each study. The random effects model, a more conservative analysis model, was used to combine trials and to perform stratified analyses based on the duration of follow-up. Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane Handbook for risk of bias. Eleven articles with 1,034 patients were identified for the SR. ♦ Results: The heterogeneity of the studies under 12 months was very high, and the heterogeneity decreased substantially when we stratified studies by the duration of follow-up. The mean difference of the studies after 12 months was 0.46 mL/min/1.73 m2 (95% confidence interval = 0.25 to + 0.67). ♦ Conclusion: New PDS showed the effect to preserve and improve RRF for long-term use compared to conventional PDS, even though it did not show a significant difference to preserve RRF for short-term use.

A Large National Cohort Study of the Association between Bisphosphonates and Osteonecrosis of the Jaw in Patients with Osteoporosis: A Nested Case-control Study

The purpose of this study was to examine the association between bisphosphonate exposure and osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) in Korean patients with osteoporosis. A nested case-control study was performed using the claims database during 2002 to 2010 provided by the National Health Insurance Service. We identified a cohort of individuals with diagnosis of osteoporosis during 2002 to 2010. Cases and controls were identified during 2004 to 2010, and the date of potential cases of ONJ was defined as the index date. Bisphosphonate exposure was evaluated during 2 y prior to the index date. The association between bisphosphonate exposure and ONJ was tested by performing a conditional logistic regression analysis for matched data, and odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were presented. Subjects were classified as nonuser, recent user, past user, or continuous user, depending on the prescription of bisphosphonates in 2 periods (1 to 2 y and 0 to 1 y prior to the index date). Continuous users were defined as patients who were exposed to bisphosphonate in both periods. We also examined the impact of bisphosphonate medication compliance by measuring the cumulative duration of exposure (CDE) on the risk of ONJ. A total of 212 cases with ONJ and 2,120 controls matched by sex, age, income level, and insurance type were identified among 109,787 patients with osteoporosis out of 1,025,340 enrollees in the sample cohort. The odds of having ONJ after adjusting for patient comorbidities significantly increased in continuous users of bisphosphonates (OR, 3.9; 95% CI, 2.4 to 6.2) compared to nonusers. Increased odds of ONJ were observed as CDE increased. The adjusted OR in patients with 1.5 y < CDE ≤ 2 y prior to the index date was 7.8 (95% CI, 4.0 to 15.5) versus nonusers. Our study results support significantly increased occurrences of potential ONJ in patients with osteoporosis who were exposed to bisphosphonates compared to those without exposure.

Social values and healthcare priority setting in Korea

PURPOSE The purpose of this paper is to present the role of social values in setting healthcare priorities in Korea. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH Using Clark and Weales draft framework, Korean healthcare priority setting was analysed. The process values used were transparency, accountability, and participation, and the content values used were clinical effectiveness, cost effectiveness, justice/equity, solidarity and autonomy. FINDINGS In the Korean health priority setting, it was found that multiple factors influence the decision-making process. Effectiveness and safety are the two most important values mentioned in the process. Cost-effectiveness is also considered in reimbursement decisions for new drugs since 2007. Recently, health technology assessment (HTA) has begun to change the social value system traditionally used in the Korean healthcare priority setting. ORIGINALITY/VALUE The paper extends understanding of health priority setting in Korea, and how the interpretation and use of social values has changed over recent years.

Effect of health insurance type on health care utilization in patients with hypertension: a national health insurance database study in Korea

BackgroundHigher utilization of healthcare services has been observed among individuals who receive public aid compared to individuals who do not receive public aid in many countries. However, no systematic investigations have explored whether this pattern of higher utilization persists after correcting for a number of factors in Korea. In this study, we sought to examine whether the type of health insurance, wage-based contributory insurance (Health Insurance, HI) or government-subsidized public assistance (Medical Aid, MA), affects the utilization of inpatient services after controlling for baseline patient and institutional characteristics among patients with hypertension in Korea.MethodsThe Korean National Health Insurance claims database from 2006 and 2007 was used for analysis. To avoid biased estimates, we determined the most appropriate type of multivariate model for each outcome variable: a logistic regression model for the likelihood of hospitalization, a zero-inflated negative binomial model for the length of stay (LOS), and a generalized linear model with a log-link function for hospitalization costs.ResultsAdjusted odds ratio (OR) and factor changes showed that MA patients (n = 21,539) had a significantly higher likelihood of hospitalization (OR: 1.41-1.71), average LOS per patient (factor change: 1.31-1.42), and hospitalization costs per patient (factor change: 1.10-1.41) compared to HI patients (n = 304,027).ConclusionsThe pattern of higher healthcare utilization among MA patients persists even after controlling for baseline health conditions. This finding confirms that the type of health insurance affects the utilization of healthcare resources, and suggests that effective strategies are necessary to prevent the potential overutilization of inpatient care by MA patients with hypertension in Korea.

Oral Bisphosphonates and Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer Risks in Asians with Osteoporosis: A Nested Case-Control Study Using National Retrospective Cohort Sample Data from Korea

Background Bisphosphonate can irritate the gastrointestinal mucosa and increase the risk of esophageal or gastric cancer. The relatively high prevalence of upper gastrointestinal cancers and the widespread use of bisphosphonate in Korea call for further investigation. We conducted a case-control study to evaluate the risk of esophageal or gastric cancer after exposure to oral bisphosphonates in Korean patients with osteoporosis. Methods We used the National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort database of Korea from 2002 to 2013. Among osteoporotic patients (>40 years), cases were defined as incident diagnosis of esophageal or gastric cancer between 2006 and 2013. For each case, four controls were matched for age, sex, and income level by type of insurance. We categorized bisphosphonate use as non-user, recent user, past user, and past and recent user, depending on prescription in two periods (1 to 2 years and 2 to 4 years prior to the index date). We also assessed the duration of bisphosphonate use by measuring cumulative duration of exposure (CDE). To examine the association between oral bisphosphonates and esophageal or gastric cancer, we estimated adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using conditional logistic regression analysis, adjusting for concomitant diseases. Results A total of 1,708 cases and 6,832 controls were identified. The aORs (95% CIs) of recent, past, and continuous bisphosphonate use compared to non-users were 1.18 (0.93–1.51), 1.04 (0.83–1.29), and 1.25 (0.95–1.58)), respectively. In addition, no significant association was observed by CDE, even when different outcome definitions were applied. Conclusions This study did not prove an increased risk of esophageal or gastric cancer risk associated with bisphosphonate use, with respect to both risk windows and duration of exposure, in an Asian population-based, real-world setting.

Awareness and attitude of the public toward personalized medicine in Korea

Objectives As personalized medicine (PM) is expected to greatly improve health outcomes, efforts have recently been made for its clinical implementation in Korea. We aimed to evaluate public awareness and attitude regarding PM. Methods We performed a self-administered questionnaire survey to 703 adults, who participated in the survey on a voluntary basis. The primary outcome measures included public knowledge, attitude, and acceptance of PM. We conducted multinomial multivariate logistic analysis for outcome variables with three response categories and performed multivariate logistic regression analyses for dichotomous outcome variables. Results Only 28% of participants had knowledge that genetic factors can contribute to inter-individual variations in drug response and the definition of PM (199 out of 702). Higher family income was correlated with greater knowledge concerning PM (OR = 3.76, p = 0.034). A majority of respondents preferred integrated pharmacogenomic testing over drug-specific testing and agreed to inclusion of pharmacogenomic testing in the national health examination (64% and 77%, respectively), but only 51% were willing to pay for it. Discussion Our results identify the urgent need for public education as well as the potential health disparities in access to PM. This study helps to frame policies for implementing PM in clinical practice.

Combination Therapy of BRAF Inhibitors for Advanced Melanoma with BRAF V600 Mutation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract Background: Although BRAF inhibitors have been used to treat advanced melanoma with BRAF mutation, combination strategies are suggested due to acquired resistance to BRAF inhibitors. Objective: To assess the efficacy of BRAF inhibitor-based combination therapy for the treatment of advanced melanoma with BRAF mutation. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies that compared BRAF inhibitor-based combination therapy with BRAF inhibitor monotherapy. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library and relevant conference proceedings. The random-effects inverse variance and Mantel–Haenszel methods were used to pool the results. Results: Four randomized controlled trials and one cohort study were identified. A combination therapy with BRAF inhibitors and MEK inhibitors was used in all studies. The combined hazard ratios of overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) comparing combination therapy with monotherapy were 0.70 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.62–0.78] and 0.59 (95% CI 0.55–0.63), respectively. The combined risk ratio of objective response rate (ORR) was 1.30 (95% CI 1.20–1.40), which meant more patients achieved complete/partial responses in combination therapy group than those in the monotherapy group. Conclusions: Combination therapy with BRAF inhibitors and MEK inhibitors significantly improved OS, PFS, and ORR in patients with advanced melanoma with BRAF mutation.

Utilization Patterns of Lipid-lowering Therapies in Patients With Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease or Diabetes: A Population-based Study in South Korea

PURPOSE We aimed to study the utilization patterns of lipid-lowering treatment (LLT), including treatment modification, adherence, and possible statin intolerance, in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) or diabetes using national claims data in South Korea. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was conducted using data from the Korean Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service claims database. Patients aged ≥18 years with >1 outpatient pharmacy claim for a statin and/or ezetimibe dated January 1, 2012, to December 31, 2014, were identified and categorized into the following cohorts: patients with ASCVD, and patients with diabetes mellitus without ASCVD. LLT modification, adherence to index LLT, and possible statin intolerance were explored during the 12 months after the date of first prescription for a statin and/or ezetimibe. FINDINGS Among 1,399,872 patients who met the eligibility criteria, 807,547 (57.7%) were patients with ASCVD and 592,325 (42.3%) were patients with diabetes without ASCVD. About half of the patients had no modification in their index treatment (46.2% in the ASCVD cohort and 48.9% in the diabetes cohort), and the most common modification was permanent discontinuation (19.6% in the ASCVD cohort and 21.4% in the diabetes cohort). The mean medication possession ratios were 0.77 in the ASCVD cohort and 0.73 in the diabetes cohort and showed a decreasing trend during the 12-month follow-up period. Among patients who initiated a statin and/or ezetimibe, possible statin intolerance was observed in 53,921 patients (6.7%) in the ASCVD cohort and 42,172 patients (7.1%) in the diabetes cohort. IMPLICATIONS In South Korea, a high rate of permanent discontinuation of statin therapy in patients with ASCVD or diabetes places these patients at high risk for cardiovascular events in the future. A decreasing trend of adherence to LLT implies that more intensive education and management are required to improve therapeutic effect and reduce the risk for ASCVD. The high rate of possible statin intolerance highlights an unmet need in the prevention and management of ASCVD in South Korea.

Analysis of Factors Related to the Prescription of Antibiotics for the Acute Upper Respiratory Infection

Background: Initial treatment of acute upper respiratory infection (AURI) should not include antibiotics because most AURIs are caused by virus. However, the prescription rate of antibiotics in Korea is higher than in any other countries. Inappropriate use of antibiotics in Korea accelerated the emergence of antibiotics resistance and increased the social and economic burden. The objective of this study was to investigate the factors related to antibiotics use for the AURI among children-adolescents and adults. Methods: This study analyzed the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service-National Patient Sample data which was nationally representative sampling stratified by sex and age. Results: The influencing factors of antibiotics use for AURI are gender, age, types of medical security, primary disease, existence of concomitant disease, treatment seasons, first visit or revisit, indicated specialty, types of medical institution, and location of medical institution. Conclusion: The results showed health policy makers are required to place more efforts to resolve inappropriate antibiotics use. Especially they need to establish a health policy to reduce the gap between areas and specialties and recommend standardized clinical guidelines according to the subgroup code of AURI and the age group of patients.