Halikul Lenando

Performance evaluation of AODV routing protocol for mobile wireless sensor network

Topology change is the main factor that affects the network life time of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) applications. In static WSN, the topology change is often caused by node failure which is due to energy depletion. However, in the Mobile WSN (MWSN), the main reason of the topology change is caused by the node movement. Since the mobile sensor nodes are limited in power supply and have a low radio frequency coverage, they are easily losing their connection with neighbours, and have difficulties updating their routing tables. The switching process from one coverage area to another consumes more energy that related to transmitting and receiving association packets. Using Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol in MWSN application shows degradation in network performance due to high density and speed of mobile nodes. In this paper, through extensive simulation we evaluated the capability of AODV on how far it can react to network topology change in MWSN. We investigated the performance metrics namely packet loss and energy consumption of mobile nodes with various speed, density and route update interval (RUI). Our performance study demonstrates that by applying the existing AODV in MWSN, the results show a high percentage of packet loss and the reduction in total network energy consumption of mobile nodes if RUI is getting longer due to serious broken link caused by nodes movement. We also identify some key research problems that need to be addressed for successful implementation of AODV in MWSN.

Transmission power control in mobile wireless sensor networks: Simulation-based approach

Saving energy is a very critical issue in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) because sensor nodes have a severe resource constraints such as lack of processing power and limited in power supply. Since the communication is the most energy consuming activities in WSNs, the power use for transmission or reception of packet should be managed properly. Transmission power control (TPC) technique is one of the techniques to reduce energy consumption which has been widely studied in mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs). This technique is implemented by adjusting the transmission power in communication between nodes. However, as mobile wireless sensor networks (MWSNs) applications emerge, the unique characteristics of this network such as severe resource constraints and frequent topology change suggest that TPC might be useful to reduce energy consumption in MWSN. Therefore, we investigate the impact of TPC on Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol for MWSNs. AODV is used as a medium of communication to assist the investigation of the effects of TPC in multihop communication in MWSNs. The simulation results show that the implementation of TPC technique has some impact on MWSNs in respect to transmission energy consumption and transmission power level required at low node mobility.

EpSoc: Social-Based Epidemic-Based Routing Protocol in Opportunistic Mobile Social Network

In opportunistic networks, the nature of intermittent and disruptive connections degrades the efficiency of routing. Epidemic routing protocol is used as a benchmark for most of routing protocols in opportunistic mobile social networks (OMSNs) due to its high message delivery and latency. However, Epidemic incurs high cost in terms of overhead and hop count. In this paper, we propose a hybrid routing protocol called EpSoc which utilizes the Epidemic routing forwarding strategy and exploits an important social feature, that is, degree centrality. Two techniques are used in EpSoc. Messages’ TTL is adjusted based on the degree centrality of nodes, and the message blocking mechanism is used to control replication. Simulation results show that EpSoc increases the delivery ratio and decreases the overhead ratio, the average latency, and the hop counts as compared to Epidemic and Bubble Rap.

Fast association process (FAP) of beacon enabled for IEEE 802.15.4 in strong mobility

In strong mobility the mobile node association with a coordinator (static or mobile) is an important part of IEEE802.15.4 protocol. This research analyzes the mobile node association attempt process flows in detail. This research also proposes an enhanced association procedure names Fast Association Process (FAP) in strong mobility. FAP is introduced with new Association_Data request MAC command that increases the association period and provides fast association process in strong mobility. It reduces the redundant service primitives, avoid collision and decrease association attempt process delay. Comparing FAP with the original IEEE802.15.4 protocol, the number of association service primitives in FAP is 67% less than the original protocol, and the simulation results show that the association attempt time decreases 75%. FAP will get fast association attempt as the number of mobile nodes increased and nodes having strong mobility. It can be widely used in mobile wireless sensor network application.

Simulation Tools for Mobile Ad-hoc Sensor Networks: A State-of-the-Art Survey

Mobile ad-hoc sensor networks (MASNETs) have recently become an important area of research for Mobile adhoc networks (MANETs) researchers. The increasing capabilities and the decreasing costs of sensors make MASNETs applications possible to be deployed in real world. However, before such application can be deployed, their performance need to be measured first. But, the use of real-world measurement is costly and time consuming. Therefore, it is more economical and practical to use simulation tools to simulate MASNETs applications. Although, there are many existing simulation tools for MANETs, most of them are not suitable for MASNETs due to resource-constraint of such networks. Therefore, it is essential to have a survey of the existing simulation tools for MASNETs. In this paper, the comparative study on different simulation tools is conducted to identify the most appropriate tool for MASNETs.

Forming a Social structure in mobile opportunistic networks

In mobile opportunistic networks, the network topology is unpredictable and very dynamic. Thus, broadcast or flooding is the best way to disseminate information. However, this approach consumes a lot of resources and introduces a duplication problem. One way to overcome this problem is to understand the relationship between the mobile nodes to guide the information dissemination flow. In this paper, we introduce three different approaches to form a node social relationship based on the node frequency interactions. The methods are Social structure based on average frequency interactions, Social Structure based on Periodicity Frequency Interactions and Social Structure based on Sliding Window. The results show that it is possible to form a social structure based on the nodes frequency interactions with other nodes. The most suitable approach to represent the nodes social relationship in opportunistic networks is the social structure based on Sliding Window approach.

Performance evaluation of beacon enabled IEEE 802.15.4 MAC for Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks under NS-2

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has a large number of nodes capable of sensing, communicating and computing. WSNs have limitations due to limited storage, processing and transmission power. The IEEE802.15.4 Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol is used for low-rate wireless personal area network (LR-WPAN). LR-WPAN is basically designed for static wireless sensor networks. However, from literatures, we observed that IEEE802.15.4 is able to support weak mobility in mobile sensor networks [7]. This paper evaluates the IEEE802.15.4 MAC for strong mobility in mobile sensor network environments. We evaluate the performance of IEEE802.15.4 MAC based on both static and mobile coordinators, and taking into account two parameters which are speed and number of beacon orders. We observed the effect on association period, disassociation, and synchronization between the mobile node and the coordinator in strong mobility of mobile nodes. From the experiments, we obtained results on throughput, association and synchronization with different speed and beacon orders. We found that the IEEE802.15.4 cannot maintain association period in strong mobility. The weaknesses of mobile node association attempt and synchronization process degrade the overall performance of a network. We also identify some research problems that need to be addressed for successful implementation of MAC protocol with strong mobility in Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks.

Enhancement of AODV routing protocol in MASNETs

The rapid development of wireless communication technologies and portable mobile devices such as laptops, PDAs, smart phones and wireless sensors brings the best out of mobile computing particularly mobile ad-hoc and sensor networks. Nowadays, most of researchers working on Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) focus on Mobile Ad-hoc and Sensor Networks (MASNETs) due to their wide range of potential applications ranging from underwater monitoring to search and rescue mobile robotics applications. In this research work, through extensive simulation, we have evaluated the capability of Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol on how far it can react to different mobility duration of mobile nodes in MASNETs. The performance of AODV is investigated in terms of the average percentage of packet loss and energy consumption. The initial performance study demonstrates that the performance of AODV is signicantly decreased in mobile environment due to the frequent topology change in MASNETs. Therefore, in order to enhance the performance of AODV in MASNETs, the new routing algorithm based on the estimated distance is proposed to replace the hop count for the selection of next node during the packet transmission. The estimated distance is computed based on the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) values that are collected during the communication between the sensor nodes. The performance of the proposed solution is also further evaluated and compared with the existing AODV routing protocol in term of their energy consumption and percentage of packet loss. Our study demonstrates that the proposed solution outperform the existing AODV in MASNETs.

Neighbor Selection Protocol for Heterogeneous Information Dissemination in Opportunistic Networks

In Opportunistic Networks, information forwarding takes place when nodes are in communication range. Absence of knowledge on network topology prior information forwarding poses a compelling challenge in Opportunistic Networks. In these networks, disconnected mobile peers use mobility to opportunistically and dynamically connect to each other in order to disseminate heterogeneous information towards the intended destination. Flooding disseminates information to all nodes in range. Hence, it achieves high delivery performance. However, this form of dissemination congests the network and create considerable amount of network overheads. In this paper, a social-based neighbor selection protocol is proposed to enhance the heterogeneous information dissemination through peer-to-peer interaction in Opportunistic Networks. Neighbor is selected based on social structure formulated by Frequency in Range, Frequency of Interaction metrics and Heterogeneity of information. A high valued metric peer from the list of candidate peers is selected as potential forwarder to disseminate information. The delivery performance impact of our protocol on information dissemination was investigated and has been analyzed in customized simulation tool. Experimental results showed that, the proposed neighbor selection protocol achieved delivery performance close to random selection in flooding and reduced 88.25% push overhead incurred during dissemination.

Performance evaluation of AODV in MASNETs: Study on different simulators

Nowadays, most of researchers working on Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) focus on Mobile Ad-hoc and Sensor Networks (MASNETs) due to their wide range of potential applications ranging from underwater monitoring to search and rescue mobile robotics applications. Most of these applications are deployed in remote and unattended areas. Since MASNETs are energy-constrained networks which have a low radio frequency coverage, their network topologies are frequently change due to mobile sensor nodes. In this paper, through extensive simulation of two different simulators namely Avrora and Castalia, we evaluated the capability of Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol on how far it can react to different speed and density of mobile nodes in MASNETs. We investigated the performance of AODV in terms of the average percentage of packet loss with the various speed and density of mobile nodes. Our performance study demonstrates that both simulators show the performance of AODV is significantly decreased in mobile environment due to the frequent topology change in MASNETs.