Halil Biyik

Antimitotic and antibacterial effects of the Primula veris L. flower extracts

Abstract Primula is a plant genus which comprises about 400 species. It has been found in a number of pharmacological studies that primrose extracts are rich in saponins. Phenolic glycosides and saponins are characteristic compounds for the genus Primula. In this study several flower extracts from Primula veris L. has been tested for antibacterial activity and decoction from the flowers has been tested for antimitotic activity. Antibacterial activity was determined by the well diffusion method and Allium cepa L. has been used for evaluating cytotoxicity. Decoction of flowers was toxic on root number and root length in A. cepa L. and reduced the mitotic index significantly. All of the tested P. veris L. extracts showed inhibitory effect against both Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms at varying degrees. The most effective fraction was found to be the ethanolic.

Spectroscopic and biological approach of Ni(II), Cu(II) and Co(II) complexes of 4-methoxy/ethoxybenzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone glyoxime

Two novel vicinal dioxime ligands containing (4-methoxybenzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone glyoxime (L(1)H2) or 4-ethoxybenzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone glyoxime (L(2)H2)) thiosemicarbazone units were synthesized and characterized using (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, HMQC, MS, infrared and, UV-VIS. spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and magnetic susceptibility measurements. Mononuclear nickel(II), copper(II) and cobalt(II) complexes with a metal:ligand ratio of 1:2 for L(1)H2 and L(2)H2 were also synthesized. The effect of pH and solvent on the absorption spectra of both ligands and complexes was determined. IR spectra show that the ligands act in a bidentate manner and coordinates N4 donor groups of the ligands to Ni(II), Cu(II) and Co(II) ions. The detection of H-bonding (O-H⋯O) in the [M(LH)2] metal complexes by IR spectra supported the square-planar MN4 coordination of mononuclear complexes. The antimicrobial activities of compounds L(1)H2, L(2)H2, and their Ni(II), Cu(II) and Co(II) complexes were evaluated using the disc diffusion method against 12 bacteria and 4 yeasts. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against 7 bacteria and 3 yeasts were also determined. Among the test compounds attempted, L(1)H2, [Ni(L1H)2], [Cu(L1H)2], L2H2, [Ni(L2H)2] and [Cu(L2H)2] showed some activities against certain Gram-positive bacteria and some of the yeasts tested.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Activity of N′-[(Z)-(3-Methyl-5-oxo-1-phenyl-1,5-dihydro-4H-pyrazol-4-ylidene)(phenyl)methyl]benzohydrazide and Its Co(II), Ni(II), and Cu(II) Complexes

Reaction of 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-benzoyl-pyrazol-5-one and benzoyl hydrazide in refluxing ethanol gave N ′-[(Z)-(3-methyl-5-oxo-1-phenyl-1,5-dihydro-4H-pyrazol-4-ylidene)(phenyl)methyl]benzohydrazide (HL1), which was characterized by NMR spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray structure study. X-ray diffraction analyses of the crystals revealed a nonplanar molecule, existing in the keto-amine form, with intermolecular hydrogen bonding forming a seven-membered ring system. The reaction of HL1 with Co(II), Ni(II), and Cu(II) halides gave the corresponding complexes, which were characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductance, magnetic measurements, and infrared and electronic spectral studies. The compounds were screened for their in vitro cytotoxic activity against HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells and antimicrobial activity against some bacteria and yeasts. Results showed that the compounds are potent against HL-60 cells with the IC50 value ≤5 μM, while some of the compounds were active against few studied Gram-positive bacteria.

Time-dependent effects of dietary qualitative and quantitative protein malnutrition on some members of the cecal microbiota in male Wistar rats

Objective: Protein deficiencies are common conditions around the world. They may affect organisms directly or indirectly by changing their normal microbiota. This study aimed to determine time-dependent effects of the quality and quantity of dietary proteins on intestinal microbiota. Materials and methods: Sixty young male Wistar rats were used in four experiments with durations of 1, 2, 3 or 4 weeks, respectively. In each experiment 15 animals were divided into 3 equal groups and given either a complete rat chow (controls) or semi-synthetic diets containing almost no protein (N-free) or 20% gelatin ad libitum. Total aerobes, Enterobacteriaceae, coliform, and lactobacilli colonies were counted in cecal contents. Results: Generally, total aerobic bacteria and lactobacilli were most affected by protein malnutrition in all experiments. Both types of protein malnutrition decreased the numbers of total aerobic bacteria in all experiments except for the gelatin-fed animals in experiment I. Mean lactobacilli counts also decreased in both malnutrition groups but the decrease in lactobacilli count was more severe in N-free groups than in gelatin-fed groups. Conclusion: These results suggest that the effects of dietary proteins on cecal bacteria are dependent on the type of bacteria and partly time-dependent.

Biodiversity of Fungi in Strawberry Fields in Anamur, TURKEY

Strawberry is a delicious and aromatic fruit, which can be consumed as fresh and also is suitable for industry. However, strawberry is exposed to many fungal diseases that end with the loss of the product up to % 15 before harvest. The aim of this study is to determine the fungi that present in the field whether or not pathogenic. Samples were collected from different strawberry fields in Anamur in April 2016. Morphological identification was made according to the shape and color of the colonies, mycelium and spore structures. For molecular identification, ITS gene region was used. According to morphological and molecular methods, seven different fungal genera were found on strawberries.

Industrial Applications of Endoglucanase Obtained from Novel and Native Trichoderma atroviride

An endo-β-1,4-glucanase (EG), produced under submerged fermentation by local isolate Trichoderma atroviride, was purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation, column and ion exchange chromatography with 55.16 fold and a specific activity of 30.9 EU mg –1 . The studies of PAGE, SDS-PAGE and zymogram test have been carried out. The EG had optimum activity at pH 5.0 and 50 °C respectively. Using CMC as substrate, the enzyme showed maximum activity (V max ) of 6.7 (µmol glucose min –1 ) mL –1 with its corresponding K m (Michaelis-Menten constant) value of 1.12 mg mL –1 . While the EG activity was activated by NaCl, inhibited by MgCl 2 and MgSO 4 . Otherwise, Tween 80, Triton X-100 and the total saponins known as biosurfactants enhanced the EG activity. The obtained EG had low K m and high thermal stability. Additionally, usability of the EG in biotechnological application was investigated. The results showed that the EG had potentially sufficient effects on denim fabric and pretreated lignocellulosic wastes.