Halil Duzova

Acute Effects of Moderate and Strenuous Running on Trace Element Distribution in the Brain, Liver, and Spleen of Trained Rats

OBJECTIVE Trace elements such as manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co) and chromium (Cr) play key roles in metabolic reactions and are important in many physiological enzymatic processes. In this study, we aimed to investigate the acute effects of moderate and strenuous running (treadmill) exercise on the levels of Mn, Co and Cr in the brain, liver, and spleen of trained rats. STUDY DESIGN Animal experiment. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty-one Wistar-Albino adult male rats were used in the study. Rats were grouped as control group (no mandated exercise; n=8), moderate exercise group (30 min exercise duration; n=7), and strenuous exercise group (60 min exercise duration; n=6). The levels of Mn, Co, and Cr in the frontal lobe, temporal lobe, brain stem, liver, and spleen were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. RESULTS Cr levels in liver of rats increased in parallel to the time course of running supporting the exercise training effect on the action of insulin. Compared to the control group, the level of Co significantly decreased in the brain stem of rats in the moderate exercise group (p=0.009) and in the frontal lobe of rats in the strenuous exercise group (p=0.004). In the strenuous exercise group, an examination of the brain stem revealed that the level of Mn significantly decreased (p=0.001), and levels of Co and Cr were apparently depleted to the extent that these elements were no longer detectable. CONCLUSION A notable finding is that during or after single bout strenuous exercise, levels of Co decreased in the spleen and particularly decreased in the brain stem of regularly trained rats. From this study, it can be inferred that sportsmen should aware trace element disturbances among the body parts or depletion of some trace elements after single bout of chronic strenuous running exercise.

CORRELATIONS BETWEEN EVENT-RELATED POTENTIAL COMPONENTS AND NITRIC OXIDE IN MAXIMAL ANAEROBIC EXERCISE AMONG SPORTSMEN TRAINED AT VARIOUS LEVELS

Physical exercise has influence on all organs except its effects on the central nervous system have not been fully elucidated. This study attempts to determine whether the degree of training could affect the response to physical stress by comparing the three groups of males in different levels of the physical fitness. Serum samples from high (n = 11), moderate (n = 10), and low physical activity sportsmen (n = 10) were collected to determine nitrite/nitrate levels before and after carrying out an anaerobic maximal exercise test. An “oddball paradigm” of auditory stimuli was used to evoke the N200 and P300 before and after the exercise. The amplitude of the N200 decreased significantly after anaerobic maximal exercise compared to the values of the recorded pre-exercise at Fz area in high physical activity group. There was a negative correlation between event-related potentials component and both nitrite/nitrate serum level changes and the heart rate changes in low physical activity subjects. However, in high and moderate physical activity groups, these relationships were positive.

The effect of hypericum perforatum on kidney ischemia/reperfusion damage

Abstract It has been revealed in recent studies that Hypericum Perforatum (HP) is influential on cancer, inflammatory diseases, bacterial and viral diseases, and has neuroprotective and antioxidant properties. In this study, we investigated the effect of HP, which is known to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, on kidney I/R damage. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into three groups, and each of the groups had eight rats: The Control Group; the Ischemia/Reperfusion (I/R) Group; and the IR + HP Group which was treated with 50 mg/kg of HP. The right kidneys of the rats were removed, and the left kidney developed ischemia during the 45th min, and reperfusion occurred in the following 3rd h. The histopathological findings and also the level of Malondialdehyde (MDA), Glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) enzyme activations in the renal tissues were measured. Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), Creatinin (Cre) from serum samples were determined. The levels of BUN, Cre, and kidney tissue MDA increased at a significant level, and the SOD, CAT, and GSH-PX enzyme activity decreased at a significant level in the I/R group, compared with the Control Group (p < 0.05). In the I/R + HP group, the levels of MDA decreased at a significant level compared to the I/R group, while the SOD, CAT, and GSH-PX activity increased (p < 0.05). In histopathological examinations, it was observed that the tubular dilatation and epithelial desquamation regressed in the IR + HP Group when compared with the I/R Group. It has been shown with the histological and biochemical results in this study that HP is protective against acute renal I/R.

ACA, an inhibitor phospholipases A2 and transient receptor potential melastatin-2 channels, attenuates okadaic acid induced neurodegeneration in rats

Aim: In recent studies, it has been shown that the Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin‐2 Channels (TRPM2) and Phospholipases A2 (PLA2) inhibitors may have a protective effect on neurons. This study was aimed to investigate the protective effect of TRPM2 and PLA2 inhibitor N‐(p‐amylcinnamoyl) Anthranilic Acid (ACA) in a neurodegenerative model induced by Okadaic Acid (OKA). Main methods: OKA (200 ng/10 &mgr;l) was administered bilateral intracerebroventricularly as a single injection. Key findings: OKA‐treated rats showed significant impairments of spatial memory in Morris Water Maze Test. OKA‐induced memory‐impaired rats showed increased numbers of degenerated neurons and Caspase‐3, tau phosphorylated ser396, &bgr;‐amyloid positive cells in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. Furthermore, OKA‐treated rats exhibited significantly increased MDA, TNF‐&agr; levels, and decreased SOD, GSH‐PX enzyme activates and GSH levels of the tissues. ACA administration ameliorated OKA‐induced memory impairment in rats. The ACA treatment also increased SOD and GSH‐PX enzyme activation and GSH levels, and conversely decreased the levels of MDA, TNF‐&agr;. It was found that the numbers of the degenerated neurons and Caspase‐3 positive cells of cortex and hippocampus regions were significantly reduced. Significance: ACA administration attenuates the oxidative stress and neuroinflammation of OKA‐induced neurodegeneration; and ameliorates the cognitive decline and neurodegeneration.

Protective effect of N-(p-amylcinnamoyl) anthranilic acid, phospholipase A2 enzyme inhibitor, and transient receptor potential melastatin-2 channel blocker against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury: ÇAKIR et al.

The production of reactive oxygen species and inflammatory events are the underlying mechanisms of ischemia‐reperfusion injury (IRI). It was determined that transient receptor potential melastatin‐2 (TRPM2) channels and phospholipase A2 (PLA 2) enzymes were associated with inflammation and cell death. In this study, we investigated the effect of N‐( p‐amylcinnamoyl) anthranilic acid (ACA), a TRPM2 channel blocker, and PLA 2 enzyme inhibitor on renal IRI. A total of 36 male Sprague‐Dawley rats were divided into four groups: control, ischemia‐reperfusion (I/R), I/R + ACA 5 mg, I/R + ACA 25 mg. In I/R applied groups, the ischemia for 45 minutes and reperfusion for 24 hours were applied bilaterally to the kidneys. In the I/R group, serum levels of the blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, cystatin C (CysC), kidney injury molecule‐1 (KIM‐1), neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin (NGAL), and interleukin‐18 increased. On histopathological examination of renal tissue in the I/R group, the formation of glomerular and tubular damage was seen, and it was detected that there was an increase in the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), caspase‐3, total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI); and there was a decrease in total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and catalase enzyme activity. ACA administration reduced serum levels of BUN, creatinine, CysC, KIM‐1, NGAL, interleukin‐18. In the renal tissue, ACA administration reduced histopathological damage, levels of caspase‐3, MDA, TOS, and OSI; and it increased the level of TAC and catalase enzyme activity. It has been shown with the histological and biochemical results in this study that ACA is protective against renal IRI.