Halton Arp

NGC 3628: Ejection activity associated with quasars

NGC 3628 is a well-studied starburst/low level AGN galaxy in the Leo Triplet noted for its extensive outgassed plumes of neutral hydrogen. QSOs are shown to be concentrated around NGC 3628 and aligned with the HI plumes. The closest high redshift quasar has z = 2:15 and is at the tip of an X-ray filament emerging along the minor axis HI plume. Location at this point has an accidental probability of 2 10 4 . In addition a coincident chain of optical objects coming out along the minor axis ends on this quasar. More recent measures on a pair of strong X-ray sources situated at 3.2 and 5.4 arcmin on either side of NGC 3628 along its minor axis, reveal that they have nearly identical redshifts of z= 0:995 and 0.981. The closer quasar lies directly in the same X-ray filament which extends from the nucleus out 4.1 arcmin to end on the quasar of z= 2:15. The chain of objects SW along the minor axis of NGC 3628 has been imaged in four colours with the VLT. Images and spectra of individual objects within the filament are reported. It is suggested that material in various physical states and diering intrinsic redshifts is ejected out along the minor axis of this active, disturbed galaxy.

LINES OF GALAXIES FROM RADIO SOURCES.

All E galaxies brighter than mpR=15 magnitude which are radio sources stronger than Si4io= 5 flux units have been investigated. In essentially all cases there are lines of galaxies originating from these radio E galaxies. The typical case is that the largest galaxy in a cluster is a radio E, and the other bright galaxies in this cluster are aligned on either side of this central galaxy along the line of elongation of the radio components. It is argued that this general physical phenomenon can only be explained by having the line of galaxies, or their progenitors, ejected from the central galaxy along with the radio emitting material. The redshifts of the galaxies in these lines exhibit ranges between 1000 and 3000 km/sec. This result necessitates either the drastic reduction of the presently accepted ages for the galaxies in the lines, by a factor of 100, or an interpretation of part of the redshift as non-Doppler.

The Origin of Companion Galaxies

Evidence that companion galaxies are located along the minor axes of large disk galaxies is reviewed. It is reported here that quasars also tend to be preferentially aligned along the minor axes of active disk galaxies. Empirically there is a continuity of physical properties which suggests that the intrinsic redshifts of quasars decay as they evolve into more normal galaxies. The coincident alignment of companion galaxies plus their systematically higher redshifts then both become confirmation of their evolution from quasars which have been previously ejected along the minor axes of active spiral galaxies. The quantization of the redshifts of companions also supports their evolutionary origin from the quantized, intrinsic, quasar redshifts.

A Possible Relationship between Quasars and Clusters of Galaxies

The distribution on the sky of clusters of galaxies shows significant association with relatively nearby, large, active galaxies. The pattern is that of clusters paired equidistant across a central galaxy with the apparent magnitudes and redshifts of their constituent galaxies being closely matched. The clusters and the galaxies in them tend to be strong X-ray and radio emitters, and their redshifts occur at preferred redshift values. The central, low-redshift galaxies often show evidence of ejection in the direction of these higher redshift clusters. In all these respects the clusters resemble closely quasars which have been increasingly shown for the last 34 years to be similarly associated with active parent galaxies. New, especially significant pairings of quasars are presented here, which are, at the same time, associated with Abell clusters of galaxies. It is argued here that, empirically, the quasars are ejected from active galaxies. They evolve to lower redshift with time, forming stars, and fragmenting at the end of their development into clusters of low-luminosity galaxies. The cluster galaxies can be at the same distance as their lower redshift parents because they still retain a component of their earlier, quasar intrinsic redshift.

X-Ray-emitting QSOs Ejected from Arp 220

Four compact ROSAT X-ray sources very close to the nearby ultraluminous infrared galaxy Arp 220 (IC 4553) have been identified as medium-redshift QSOs. The closest pair lying symmetrically across the galaxy have almost identical redshifts z = 1.25, 1.26. All of the evidence suggests that these QSOs have been ejected from Arp 220 and have large intrinsic redshifts.

New optical spectra and general discussion on the nature of ULXs

We present optical spectroscopic observations of three Ultra Luminous X-ray sources (ULXs). Two of them are very close to the active galaxy NGC 720 and the other is near NGC 1073. The two around NGC 720 turn out to be quasars at z = 2.216 and z = 0.959, the one near NGC 1073 seems to be associated to an HII region at the redshift of NGC 1073. We concentrate our analysis on the two quasars and analyze them in conjunction with a set of 22 additional X-ray sources close to nearby galaxies which also fit the criteria of ULXs and which also have been identified as quasars of medium to high redshift. This sample shows an unusually large fraction of rare BL Lac type objects. The high redshifts of these ULXs and their close proximity to their low redshift, supposedly parent galaxies is a surprising result in the light of standard models. We describe the main properties of each of these objects and their parent galaxy, and briefly discuss possible interpretations.

Galaxy-quasar connection - NGC 4319 and Markarian 205. I. Direct imagery. II. Spectroscopy

The paper presents new direct-imaging data for the disturbed spiral galaxy NGC 4319 (z = 0.005) and the apparently connected quasarlike object Markarian 205 (z = 0.072). Evidence supporting the hypothesis that the luminous connection extending from Mrk 205 into the nucleus of the spiral galaxy is a high red-shift interactive filament associated only with Mrk 205 is seriously affected by artifact produced during the image processing of the data. It is concluded that NGC 4319 is an active spiral galaxy that recently ejected Mrk 205 from its nucleus. 63 references.

Arguments for a Hubble constant near H-0=55

Recent analyses of Cepheid distances to spiral galaxies have led to the announcement of a Hubble constant of H0 = 72 ± 8 km s-1 Mpc-1. The new Cepheid distances, however, show that there are numerous redshift distances with large excesses that cannot be due to peculiar velocities. Ignoring these discordant redshifts, if the Hubble constant is calibrated with Cepheid distances of low-redshift spirals, then a value near H0 = 55 is obtained. Use of independent distance criteria such as Tully-Fisher and group membership verifies this value and leads to three conclusions: (1) the peculiar velocities of galaxies in space are characteristically small; (2) Sc companions to normal Sb galaxies tend to be less luminous, with younger stellar populations and small amounts of nonvelocity redshift; and (3) ScI and other purportedly overluminous spiral galaxies have large amounts of intrinsic redshift.

Observations and Theory

The most predictable observation concerning theories is that they will probably always turn out to be wrong. Prom Ptolemy to phlogisten these excercises have wasted untold model calculations and obsoleted endless sermons. Nevertheless, for the last 77 years, eschewing all humility, orthodox science has insisted on the theory that the entire universe was created instantaneously out of nothing. Observations for the last 33 years have shown this to be wrong—but these basic facts of science have been rejected on the grounds there was no theory to “explain” them.

Time dilation in the supernova light curve and the variable mass hypothesis

The recently reported time dilation effect in Type Ia supernova SN 1995K has been claimed to rule out the static universe model of Narlikar & Arp. It is shown here that the variable mass hypothesis which accounts for the redshift phenomenon in the above static universe model does indeed predict the observed effect and that there is no conflict between the data of Leibundgut et al. and the predictions of this model.