Handan Uysal

Effect of single cell protein as a protein source in Drosophila culture

The effects of biomass of Phanerochaete chrysosporium at various concentrations (1; 2.5; 5; 10; 25; 50; 75 and 100%) on the growth of Drosophila melanogaster have been investigated. Biomass was used as a protein source instead of corn flour in Standard Drosophila Medium(SDM). It was seen that it causes increments in both body size of larvae and the numbers of offsprings, especially at higher concentrations (50, 75 and 100%). At the application of 100% concentration, metamorphosis accelerated and was completed one day before the control. There were phenotipic abnormalities in both control (0.64%) and applications with low concentrations (0.02-0.19%), while they were not observed at the application of 100% concentration

Selenium protective activity against aflatoxin B1 adverse affects on Drosophila melanogaster

The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of AFB1 and AFB1+Se4+ on various developmental stages of Drosophila melanogaster were investigated. Both different concentrations of AFB1 and Se4+ applied with AFB1 were fed during the flies developmental period (egg, larva and pupae). When F1 progeny of control and application groups were compared with each other, AFB1 was found to have extending the process of metamorphosis and decreasing the total number of offsprings. But, these negative effects were inhibited with selenium treatment at different concentrations (4.0 and 8.0 ppm). These results suggested that selenium could effectively inhibit AFB1- induced abnormalities of the developmental stages of D.melanogaster.

The use of endemic Iranian plant, Echium amoenum, against the ethyl methanesulfonate and the recovery of mutagenic effects:

In this study, potential genotoxic effects of ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) that caused mutagenicity in a variety of organisms were tried to resolve by the methanol and chloroform extract of Echium amoenum (EAmet and EAchl) Fisch. & C.A. Mey. from the family of Boraginaceae, which is an endemic plant, and is used as an alternative treatment among public in Iran. Somatic mutation and recombination test with Drosophila wing was used to determine the genotoxic and antigenotoxic effects in our investigations. For this purpose, 3-day-old transheterozygous larvae of mwh/flr3 genotype of Drosophila melanogaster were used in all our experiments. The larvae were fed chronically on the Drosophila instant medium (DIM) including 1 ppm EMS. However, in another application group, different concentrations (1, 2 and 4 ppm) of EAmet and EAchl were added to DIM including 1 ppm EMS (EMS + EAmet and EMS + EAchl). Then, for the matured individuals, wing preparates were prepared within the mediums that include control group that has only DIM, negative control group that contains dimethyl sulfoxide and application groups in different concentrations that contain EMS, EMS + EAmet and EMS + EAchl. Clone induction frequency for the normal wing phenotype of EMS application group was observed to be 2.00. In the EMS + EAmet application group, the value of 1 ppm EAmet is 1.49, value of 2 ppm EAmet is 1.08 and value of 4 ppm EAmet is 0.72; in the EMS + EAchl application group, the value of 1 ppm is EAchl 1.33, value of 2 ppm EAchl is 0.67 and value of 4 ppm EAchl is 0.56 were determined. This decrease observed between EMS and all application groups in terms of total induction frequency is statistically significant (p < 0.05). These results concluded that chloroform extracts were more effective than the methanol extracts of E. amoenum.

Extended longevity of Drosophila melanogaster by water and ethanol extracts of Stachys lavandulifolia.

Context: Stachyss species have been used as a medicine for centuries throughout the world. Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl. var. lavandulifolia (Lamiaceae) is of interest to researchers because the constituents such as betulinic acid, oleanolic acid, rosmarinic acid, and ursolic acid are similar to other Stachys species commonly used as an alterative in medicinal preparations. Objective: The present study investigated the effects of water extract (SLEw) and ethanol extract (SLEe) obtained from S. lavandulifolia (SLE) on the longevity of Drosophila melanogaster Meigen. Materials and methods: The effects of different concentrations of SLE (Control+DMSO; 4.0; 12.0 and 20.0 µL/100 mL medium) were administered separately to female and male populations of D. melanogaster for control and SLE groups. Results: In all application groups, each population’s longevity increased, depending on the concentration of SLE. The mean life-span of the extract groups which are applied with SLE(w) was determined to be shorter than the extract groups which are applied with SLE(e). For example, the maximum mean life-span applied with SLE(w) increased from 31.86 ± 0.92 days to 43.21 ± 1.33 days and the maximum mean life-span applied with SLE(e) increased from 31.86 ± 0.92 days to 49.62 ± 1.62 days in females. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that the constituents of S. lavandulifolia have great potential as a source for natural health products for D. melanogaster management.

Preventive role of folic acid on the developmental toxicity of phenol in Drosophila melanogaster.

Phenol (PN), obtained from coal tar, is used commonly in medical treatments, industrial areas, petroleum refineries, production of glue, fiber, and nylon. PN is used in the production of benzene and it is emitted in the atmosphere by motor vehicles. Folic acid (FA) is an essential nutrient among the B complex group of vitamins. The main aim of this study was to investigate the effects of PN and PN + FA on various developmental stages of Drosophila melanogaster. Different concentrations of PN and PN + FA were administered during the developmental periods of the fly (egg, larva and pupa). When F1 progeny of control and experimental groups were compared, PN was found to extend the process of metamorphosis and decrease the total offspring numbers. However, these negative effects were inhibited by FA treatment at different concentrations (0.25–2.50 mg/kg). These results suggest that FA could effectively inhibit PN-induced abnormalities in developmental stages of Drosophila melanogaster.

Assessment of genotoxic potential of two mycotoxins in the wing spot test of Drosophila melanogaster.

Mycotoxins, the toxic products of molds, exposure causes serious adverse health problems in human, animals, and crops. Determining the potential genotoxic effects of these substances is, therefore, of great importance. We have evaluated the genotoxic toxicity of two trichothecenes – diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) and T-2 toxin – using the wing somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) in Drosophila melanogaster. The SMART is based on the principle that the loss of heterozygosis of recessive markers located on the left arm of chromosome 3 – multiple wing hairs (mwh) at the map position 0.3 and flare-3 (flr 3) at the map position 38.8 – may occur through various mechanisms such as mitotic recombination, mutation, deletion, half-translocation, chromosome loss, and nondisjunction. Both the mycotoxins were administered to third instar larvae (72 ± 4 h old) at concentrations ranging from 5 to 40 μM. Based on our results, DAS and T-2 toxins does not exert genotoxic effects up to a concentration of 40 μM.

Mutagenic biomonitoring of pirethroid insecticides in human lymphocyte cultures: Use of micronuclei as biomarkers and recovery by Rosa canina extracts of mutagenic effects

Abstract Context: Insecticides are used to control pests. Cypermethrin and fenvalerate are widely used pirethroid insecticides in the world. Rosa canina L. (Rosaceae) is used as a traditional medicinal plant against viral infections and disorders of the kidneys and urinary tract due to its high vitamin C level. Objective: The genotoxic effects of cypermethrin and fenvalerate were examined with the micronucleus (MN) test. Then, we determined the ability of the water (RCwtr) and ethanol (RCeta) extracts of rosehip (R. canina) to overcome the possible genotoxic effects of the insecticides. Materials and methods: Preliminary studies determined that the application concentrations were 20, 30, 40, and 50 ppm for cypermethrin, 25, 50, 75, and 100 ppm for fenvalerate, and 100 ppm for rosehip extracts. DMSO (dimethyl sulphoxide) (1%) and 1 mM EMS (ethyl methanesulfonate) were used as negative and positive control groups, respectively. The application groups belonging to insecticides and plant extracts were added to culture tubes including chromosome B medium and peripheral blood for MN test. Results: The MN frequencies were found 0.725 in the negative control group, 2.700 in the positive control groups, 1.275 in the highest application group of cypermethrin, and 1.600 in the highest application group of fenvalerate. The MN frequencies in cypermethrin + RCwtr, cypermethrin + RCeta, fenvalerate + RCwtr, and fenvalerate + RCeta application groups were, respectively, determined as 1.000, 1.075, 1.225, and 1.275. Conclusion: According to the results, cypermethrin and fenvalerate have genotoxic effects, the water and ethanol extracts of rosehip reduced the genotoxicity of the both insecticides.

Removal of the toxic effects of chlormadinon acetate on the development of Drosophila melanogaster via the use of nordihydroguaiaretic acid

In this study, the effects of chlormadinon acetate (CMA) and CMA + nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) on various developmental stages of Drosophila melanogaster were investigated. Different concentrations of CMA (1.0; 3.0; 5.0 and 10.0 μM/100 mL medium) and CMA + NDGA as the concentrations of CMA (1.0 + 1.0; 3.0 + 3.0; 5.0 + 5.0 and 10.0 + 10.0 μM/100 mL medium) were carried out during the developmental periods of the flies. When F1 progeny of control and application groups were compared, CMA was found to extend the process of metamorphosis and decrease the total offspring numbers. However, these negative effects were inhibited by NDGA treatment at different concentrations. These results suggest that NDGA could effectively inhibit CMA-induced abnormalities in developmental stages of D. melanogaster. It was found that the difference between the groups was significantly important (p < 0.05).

The relationship of micronucleus frequency and nuclear division index with coronary artery disease SYNTAX and Gensini scores

Objective: We aimed to evaluate the relationship of micronucleus (MN) frequency and nuclear division index (NDI) with SYNTAX and Gensini scores and thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) frame counts of coronary arteries in patients undergoing coronary angiography. Methods: In a single-center prospective observational study, a total of 63 individuals, 48 consecutive patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and 15 healthy people were included. Before coronary angiography (exposure to X-ray), blood samples were collected for lymphocyte cultures, MN and NDI measurements. According to the SYNTAX and Gensini scores, patients were allocated into two groups. Group 1 and 2 included the patients with SYNTAX scores <22 and ≥22 points, respectively. Similarly, groups according to Gensini scores included the ones <23 and ≥23 points. MN test was used for in vitro studies in human peripheral lymphocytes. Binucleated lymphocytes were calculated for each patient. Results: MN frequency was significantly higher in group 2 than group 1 and in group 1 than control group (p<0.001). NDI was significantly higher in control group than group 1 and in group 1 than group 2 (p=0.003). MN frequency had positive but moderate correlation with SYNTAX and Gensini scores and TFCs of left anterior descending (LAD), circumflex and right coronary arteries (r=0.394, p=0.003; r=0.458, p<0.001; r=0.425, p<0.001; r=0.469, p<0.001; and r=0.475, p<0.001, respectively). Conclusion: We can conclude that as the degree of atherosclerosis increases and coronary flow worsens, MN frequency increases and NDI decreases. Our results may help to elucidate the relationship of DNA damage in pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction in patients with stable CAD.

Dioksinlere Maruz Bırakılan Meyve Sineği Drosophila melanogaster’in Ömür Uzunluklarının Değerlendirilmesi

Poliklorlu dibenzo-p- dioksinler (PCDDs) yanma prosesi sirasinda ve endustriyel sureclerin yan urunleri olarak ortaya cikan kalici organik kirleticilerdir. Bu calismada, 2,3,7,8-TCDD, 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD, 1,2,3,7,8,9-H X CDD ve 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-OCDD’nin (1, 2.5, 5 ve 10µg/mL medium) Drosophila melanogaster ’in yasam orani ve omur uzunlugu uzerine olan olasi toksik etkileri in vivo olarak arastirilmistir. Dioksinlerin omur uzunlugu uzerine etkisi, D. melanogaster ‘in disi ve erkek populasyonlarinda ayri ayri calisilmistir. Tum uygulama gruplarinda, dioksinlere maruz kalan hem disi hem de erkek populasyonlarda omur uzunlugunun konsantrasyon artisina paralel olarak azalmistir ( p 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD> 1,2,3,7,8,9-H X CDD> 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-OCDD seklinde oldugu gozlenmistir.