Hanen Affes

Pharmacological Studies of Artichoke Leaf Extract and Their Health Benefits

Artichoke (Cynara scolymus) leaf extract was one of the few herbal remedies which the clinical and experimental trials have complemented each other. Both experimental and clinical effects have been verified through extensive biomedical herbal remedy research. Specifically, antioxidant, choleretic, hepatoprotective, bile-enhancing and lipid-lowering effects have been demonstrated, which corresponded with its historical use. Ongoing research seems to indicate that artichoke indeed have medicinal qualities. Most significant appears to be its beneficial effect on the liver. In animal studies, liquid extracts of the roots and leaves of artichoke have demonstrated an ability to protect the liver, with possibly even to help liver cells regenerate. Although research is not yet conclusive, scientists were optimistic that its long-standing use in humans for digestive and bowel problems was indeed justified. It may also play a role in lowering cholesterol and thus help to prevent heart disease. Boiled wild artichoke reduced postprandial glycemic and insulinemic responses in normal subjects but has no effect on metabolic syndrome patients. This article intended to review the wide ranging pharmacological effects of artichoke leaf extract.

Autoimmune hepatitis as an adverse effect of long-term methotrexate therapy

Methotrexate (MTX) is one of the most commonly used medicines in the treatment of psoriatic arthritis. The drug can produce steatosis and cirrhosis. Autoimmune hepatitis is a rare and serious adverse effect. We describe the case of a 53-year-old woman who developed autoimmune hepatitis after a long-term use of MTX for psoriatic arthritis. Hepatitis was completely resolved 4 months after stopping this drug. The pathophysiologic mechanisms of a drug-induced autoimmunity are unclear and complex. This report confirms the need to monitor liver enzymes carefully in patients using long-term treatment with MTX for psoriasis or rheumatoid arthritis.

Ageusia as a side effect of clopidogrel treatment

Clopidogrel is prescribed in cardiac and extracardiac vascular diseases. It is generally well tolerated; however, few cases of taste disorders have been reported. We present a case of clopidogrel-induced ageusia notified in Sfax pharmacovigilance center on March 13, 2009. A 46-year-old patient developed ageusia with decreased appetite five weeks after starting clopidogrel. Other etiologies including ear nose throat (ENT) examination were ruled out. Five months after reduction of clopidogrel dose, ageusia partially decreased. Clopidogrel was strongly suspected as a causal drug. According to the French imputation method, score of imputability was considered as plausible (C2S2) I2. Physiopathology of this side effect is not yet understood. However, it seems to be a reversible and dose-related event. Although it is not life-threatening, loss of taste can have significant effect on the quality of life of patients.

Chemicals Compositions, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Cynara scolymus Leaves Extracts, and Analysis of Major Bioactive Polyphenols by HPLC

Objective. Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) was one of the plant remedies for primary health care. The present study was focused on the determination of chemical composition, antioxidant activities, and anti-inflammatory activity and on analyzing its major bioactive polyphenols by HPLC. Methods. Artichoke Leaves Extracts (ALE) were analyzed for proximate analysis and phytochemical and antioxidant activity by several methods such as DDPH, ABTS, FRAP, and beta-carotene bleaching test. The carrageenan (Carr) model induced paw oedema in order to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity. Identification and quantification of bioactive polyphenols compounds were done by HPLC method. The oxidative stress parameters were determined; CAT, SOD, GSH, MDA, and AOPP activities and the histopathological examination were also performed. Results. It was noted that EtOH extract of ALE contained the highest phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin contents and the strongest antioxidants activities including DDPH (94.23%), ABTS (538.75 mmol), FRAP assay (542.62 umol), and β-carotene bleaching (70.74%) compared to the other extracts of ALE. Administration of EtOH extract at dose 400 mg/kg/bw exhibited a maximum inhibition of inflammation induced by Carr for 3 and 5 hours compared to reference group Indomethacin (Indo). Conclusion. ALE displayed high potential as natural source of minerals and phytochemicals compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Protective effects of Cynara scolymus leaves extract on metabolic disorders and oxidative stress in alloxan-diabetic rats

BackgroundDiabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with hyperglycemia, inflammatory disorders and abnormal lipid profiles, currently the extracts from leaves of cynara scolymus has been discovered to treat metabolic disorders and has been stated by multitudinous scientists according to a good source of polyphenols compounds. The present study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of the ethanol leaves extract of C. scolymus in alloxan induced stress oxidant, hepatic-kidney dysfunction and histological changes in liver, kidney and pancreas of different experimental groups of rats.MethodsWe determinate the antioxidant activity by ABTS.+ and antioxidant total capacity (TAC) of all extracts of C. scolymus leaves, the inhibition of α-amylase activity in vitro was also investigated. Forty male Wistar rats were induced to diabetes with a single dose intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) of alloxan (150 mg/kg body weight (b.w.)). Diabetic rats were orally and daily administrated of ethanol extract from C. scolymus at two doses (200-400 mg/kg, b.w) or (12 mg/kg, b.w) with anti-diabetic reference drug, Acarbose for one month. Ethanol extract of C. scolymus effect was confirmed by biochemical analysis, antioxidant activity and histological study.ResultsThe results indicated that the ethanol extract from leaves of C. scolymus showed the highest antioxidant activity by ABTS.+ (499.43g± 39.72 Trolox/g dry extract) and (128.75 ± 8.45 mg VC /g dry extract) for TAC and endowed the powerful inhibition in vitro of α-amylase activity with IC50=72,22 ug/uL. In vivo, the results showed that ethanol extract from the leaves of C. scolymus (200-400 mg/kg) decreased significantly (p < 0.001) the α-amylase levels in serum of diabetic rats, respectively associated with significant reduction (p < 0.001) in blood glucose rate of 42,84% and 37,91% compared to diabetic groups after 28 days of treatment, a significant lowered of plasma total cholesterol (T-Ch) by 18,11% and triglyceride (TG) by 60,47%, significantly and low-density lipoproteins (LDL-C) by 37,77%, compared to diabetic rats, moreover, the administration of ethanol extract appears to exert anti-oxidative activity demonstrated by the increase of CAT, SOD and GSH activities in liver, kidney and pancreas of diabetic rats. This positive effect of the ethanol extract from C. scolymus was confirmed by histological study.ConclusionThese observed strongly suggest that ethanol extract from the leaves of C. scolymus has anti-hyperglycemic properties, at least partly mediated by antioxidant and hypolipidemic effects.

Screening of analgesic activity of Tunisian Urtica dioica and analysis of its major bioactive compounds by GCMS

Abstract The present study was aimed to evaluate the analgesic properties of Urtica dioica (UD) and to profile phytochemicals by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The ethanolic extracts were prepared by maceration method and extraction using rotary evaporator. The analgesic activity was analysed by hot plate method, formalin test, acetic acid-induced writhing test and the tail-flick test with different doses of the ethanolic extract. In all tests, the leaf’s ethanolic extract exhibited significant analgesic activity (p < .001) at a dose of 400 mg/kg. Even with a low dose, we noticed an analgesic activity with many tests. The GC–MS analysis of the ethanol extract of leaf revealed many compounds; 2-methyltetradecane dodecane, 2,6,11-trimethyl-; 2,6,11-trimethyldodecane, and trimethylhexane which are pharmaceutically the most important. These findings justify that UD can be a valuable natural analgesic source which seemed to provide potential phototherapeutics against various ailments. The analysis of ethanolic extract of UD by GCMS revealed the presence of several compounds including polyphenols, flavonoids, triterpenes which can explain the analgesic effect of UD and its mechanism of action. Hence, UD could be another therapeutic alternative for relieving pain and for minimising the use of drugs that have long-term secondary effects.

HLA-A*31:01 and carbamazepine-induced DRESS syndrom in a sample of North African population

PURPOSE Drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) is a serious adverse drug reaction. Carbamazepine is the most common causes of this syndrome. The HLA-A*31:01 allele has been shown to be strongly correlated with carbamazepine-induced DRESS syndrome in European, Japanese, Han Chinese and other asian population but not in African populations. So, our purpose is to study there is a correlation between HLA-A*31:01 and carbamazepine-induced DRESS syndrome in africain population? METHODS HLA class I (A and B) typing was performed on 7 subjects with carbamazepine-DRESS syndrome and 25 tolerants controls subjects. DNA typing HLA class I (A) alleles was checked by the polymerase chain reaction amplification Sequence Specific Oligonucleotide Probes (SSO) (reverse-SSO assay). High resolution HLA DNA Kit based on the Luminex technology (One Lambda®) was used according to the manufacturers protocol. RESULTS The HLA-A*31:01 allele, which has a prevalence of 1% in Tunisian population, was significantly associated with DRESS syndrome. It was detected in 57.14% of cases (4/7) and only 4% of controls subjects (1/25). Thus, the carrier frequency of HLA-A*31:01 allele in the cases group was also significantly higher than in the controls group (57, 14% vs 4% P = 0,004). Odds ratio is estimated 32 (OR = 32 [2.6; 389.2]) CONCLUSION: Similarly to other ethnicities, the presence of the HLA-A*31:01 allele was associated with carbamazepine-DRESS syndrome in a sample of North African population. Future study must be conducted on a larger sample in order to confirm these results.

Effets indésirables de la sulfasalazine : discussion de leur mécanisme et du rôle de la composante sulfamidée

Sulfasalazine is widely used in the treatment of chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and certain rheumatic diseases. However, its use is associated with a high rate of adverse effects (AEs) which can be cutaneous, hematological, renal, hepatic, gastrointestinal or neurological. The aim of our study was to collect all cases of AEs suspected to be associated with the use of sulfasalazine in patients hospitalized in the department of Gastroenterology from the Hospital Hedi Chaker of Sfax (Tunisia) for a period of 5 years and to search the incriminated fraction (sulfonamide or salicylate). Our study population included 69 patients who received sulfasalazine for the treatment of IBD. We collected, in 23 patients (33%), 25 AEs suspected to be related to sulfasalazine. Cutaneous and hematological reactions are the most common. The subsequent administration of mesalazine was performed in 15 patients. It was well tolerated in 14 patients. So we were suspecting probably the responsibility of sulfonamide fraction in these cases. The mechanism of sulfasalazine induced AEs may be toxic or immunoallergic with the possibility of a cross-reaction with the other antimicroacterial sulfonamides.