Hannuree Jang

SVD Inversion of Zero-Offset Profiling Data Obtained in the Vadose Zone Using Cross-Borehole Radar

An artificial groundwater infiltration experiment was conducted in Nagaoka city in Japan, and time-lapse cross-borehole ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data were collected to monitor the infiltration process in the vadose zone using zero-offset profiling (ZOP) mode. The downward migration of induced water was observed as a variation of GPR travel times, which can be transformed into dielectric constant and further converted to volumetric water content. In this paper, we present an effective approach to extract accurate information about the hydrogeologic process in the vadose zone from ZOP data. This approach is based on a least squares inversion method using singular-value decomposition, in which a finite-difference time-domain forward modeling is used for computing electromagnetic wave fields on 2-D cylindrical coordinates. The inversion approach is validated using a synthetic example and applied to the field data. We can successfully estimate the variation of soil water content during infiltration in the Nagaoka site from the reconstructed dielectric constant models. The inversion results show that the saturation information is useful to assess hydrogeologic properties of the test soil zone.

Efficient Electromagnetic Imaging of an Artificial Infiltration Process in the Vadose Zone Using Cross-Borehole Radar

Cross-borehole ground-penetrating radar (GPR) has been widely used to characterize the shallow subsurface and to monitor hydrogeologic processes. To investigate an infiltration process in the vadose zone, an artificial groundwater infiltration test was conducted in Nagaoka, Japan. Time-lapse cross-borehole GPR data were collected using zero-offset profiling (ZOP) mode. The infiltration process was observed as a variation of GPR traveltimes, which can be transformed into a dielectric constant, and further converted to volumetric water content. A standard ZOP analysis, for which all first arrivals are assumed to be direct waves, results in an underestimation of the dielectric constant because of the existence of critically refracted waves. This letter presents an efficient algorithm using the maximum first-cycle amplitude to approximately determine the traveltime of direct arrival, deriving a dielectric constant model more accurately than the standard ZOP analysis from ZOP data. Tests on synthetic and real field data show that the proposed approach is effective in building accurate water content profile without iterative calculations as in the standard ZOP analysis.

Step-off, vertical electromagnetic responses of a deep resistivity layer buried in marine sediments

A frequency-domain, marine controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) method has been applied successfully in deep water areas for detecting hydrocarbon (HC) reservoirs. However, a typical technique with horizontal transmitters and receivers requires large source–receiver separations with respect to the target depth. A time-domain EM system with vertical transmitters and receivers can be an alternative because vertical electric fields are sensitive to deep resistive layers. In this paper, a time-domain modelling code, with multiple source and receiver dipoles that are finite in length, has been written to investigate transient EM problems. With the use of this code, we calculate step-off responses for one-dimensional HC reservoir models. Although the vertical electric field has much smaller amplitude of signal than the horizontal field, vertical currents resulting from a vertical transmitter are sensitive to resistive layers. The modelling shows a significant difference between step-off responses of HC- and water-filled reservoirs, and the contrast can be recognized at late times at relatively short offsets. A maximum contrast occurs at more than 4 s, being delayed with the depth of the HC layer.

A simple inversion of induced-polarization data collected in the Haenam area of Korea

We develop a two-stage method to invert induced polarization (IP) data. First, DC resistivity data are inverted to recover a background resistivity that is used to generate a sensitivity matrix for the IP inversion. The second stage accepts the background resistivity as the true resistivity of the medium and attempts to find a polarizability that satisfies the IP data. This is done by linearizing the equations for the background resistivity to produce a linear inverse problem that can be solved for the distribution of the subsurface polarizability. Smoothness and base-model constraints are used to stabilize the IP inversion process. These regularization methods are validated by inverting both synthetic and field data obtained in the Haenam epithermal mineralized area, Korea. As a result, the IP anomaly recovered from the base-model constraint indicates that fine-grained pyrite is disseminated in a shallow zone beneath the ridge of this site, which is confirmed by core samples.

On the Efficient Three-Dimensional Inversion of Static Shifted MT Data

요약: MT 자료에서 3차원 전기비저항 구조와 정적효과를 동시에 구하기 위한 실용적인 역산법을 소개한다. 이 방법은감도행렬이 필요한 Gauss-Newton법을 기반으로 하고 반복과정에서 Broyden의 방식으로 감도를 수정하는 것을 기본으로하고 있다. 이 논문에서는 합성 MT 자료에 대한 역산실험을 통해 근사역산법의 성능과 정적효과에 대한 가중치에 대해검토하였다. 해석적으로 구해지는 초기감도를 Broyden의 방식으로 수정하는 역산법은 초기감도를 끝까지 쓰는 역산법보다 자료오차를 줄이는데 효과적이었다. 그리고 완전한 감도행렬을 반복 중간에서 단 한번만 사용하는 근사역산법으로서는 반복 전반부에서 완전한 감도를 사용할 때 자료오차를 가장 많이 줄이는 것으로 나타났다. 정적효과에 대한 가중치는어느 특정 한계값 이하로 선택하면 최종 자료오차에는 결정적인 영향을 주지 않는다. 합성 MT 자료에 대한 실험 결과이 역산법은 정적효과가 포함된 MT 자료로부터 3차원 전기비저항 구조를 재현하는데 효과적임을 확인하였다. 주요어: MT, 3차원, 정적효과, 역산, Gauss-Newton, Broyden의 방법Abstract: This paper presents a practical inversion method for recovering a three-dimensional (3D) resistivity model andstatic shifts simultaneously. Although this method is based on a Gauss-Newton approach that requires a sensitivity matrix,the computer time can be greatly reduced by implementing a simple and effective procedure for updating the sensitivitymatrix using the Broydens algorithm. In this research, we examine the approximate inversion procedure and the weightingfactor β for static shifts through inversion experiments using synthetic MT data. In methods using the full sensitivitymatrix constructed only once in the iteration process, a procedure using the full sensitivity in the earlier stage is usefulto produce the smallest rms data misfit. The choice of β is not critical below some threshold value. Synthetic examplesdemonstrate that the method proposed in this paper is effective in reconstructing a 3D resistivity structure from static-shifted MT data.Keywords: MT, 3D, static shifts, inversion, Gauss-Newton, Broydens algorithm