Hans Joachim Fiedler

Rasterelektronenmikroskopische und chemische Untersuchungen grüner und chlorotischer Nadeln eines immissionsgeschädigten Kiefernbestandes

Summary The Dueben Heath lies in an industrial agglomeration area and serves as an example of a forest region heavily polluted by flue ash and SO2. In recent years phenomena occur on pines (Pinus sylvestris L.) that differ from the classical damage caused by SO2. They manifest themselves for instance in chloroses that are observed mainly in autumn and winter on the upper side of the branches. The intensity of the chloroses depends upon the weather conditions in the corresponding year and varies considerably within stands. In the investigated pine stand the chlorotic trees are characterized by reduced potassium and water contents in the one- and two-year-old needles as well as lower weight of the one-year-old needles as compared with those being free from such symptoms. A reduction of the Mg, Ca and Zn contents does not take place. The needle surface is contaminated by pollutants containing Si, Al, and Fe and shows gypsum crystals formed on it. The lantently damaged and one-two-year-old green needles have more of these crystals than the chlorotic ones. The naturally with advancing years increasing aggregation of the epicuticular wax fibrils on the needle surface and in the epistomatal chambers is considerably accelerated especially in the case of the chlorotic needles.

Der Einfluß von Strahlung, Wasser- und Nährstoffangebot auf Wachstum, Ernährung und Transpiration von Fichtensämlingen

Summary In a pot trial with quartz sand the water regime and CaNP supply as well as natural radiation were varied and the reaction of one and two-year-old spruce seedlings was tested under stress and normal conditions. An increasing supply of N, Ca, and water during development of the seedlings affects growth and quality of the seedlings in a decisive manner. In case of water shortage shade gives a favourable effect, in case of sufficient water supply root growth and needle mass are reduced. Good growth in light with sufficient water supply was observed in the first year and in the second respectively with the following nutrient content in the needles: % N 1.4 and 1.6 resp.; % Ca 0.4 and 0.8 resp.; % K 1.2 and 1.0 resp. with invariable K application. There is a tendency towards good growth under the conditions of relatively low transpiration intensity and relatively low Ca and K content in the needle. The N content in needles increases in case of Nand Ca application, water shortage and filhade. The content of N and K as well as that of Nand P in the needles takes an opposite course. As a rule, the transpiration intensity decreases under the conditions of shading and N application and increases with high Ca supply.

Beziehungen des Chlorophyllgehaltes zu Standortsfaktoren, Ernährungszustand und Wachstum bei Koniferen

Summary The number of samples necessary for reaching a prescribed accuracy in the determination of the chlorophyll content was determined. Sampling in stands should be carried out preferably in autumn. Suitable for this purpose are one or two year old needles taken from the uppermost crown parts of peak height stems, which are not affected by neighbouring trees. The chlorophyll content rises in downward direction from the crown and from one to two year old needles. There is a decrease in the same direction in the nitrogen content of the needles. Shading and nitrogen fertilization increase the chlorophyll concentration in the needles. With constant nitrogen supply of the soil increasing Ca content raises the chlorophyll content, while increasing soil water content lowers it. With these reactions, which are caused by varying site conditions, the nitrogen concentration in the needles correlates positively with the chlorophyll concentration. Chlorophyll content and tree growth correlate positively in the growth-related range between nitrogen deficiency and optimum. If the nitrogen dosis is raised above optimum, the chlorophyll content continues to increase, while growth decreases. Under natural site conditions the chlorophyll content is regarded as a simple measure for assessing site quality, growth performance, and nitrogen nutrition of trees.

Vergleichende Untersuchungen zum Elementgehalt von Bodenpflanzen auf Gipsstandorten

Summary On the xerothermic gypsum sites of Thuringia the concentrations of elements in the leaves of 13 characteristic species of the ground vegetation were determined. As far as possible the same species on carbonate and silicate sites served for the purpose of comparison. The grass species possess predominantly lower N, P, Ca, Mg, SO 4 —S, Zn and Cu values in their leaves than herbs. Cynanchum vincetoxicum, Salvia pratensis, Gypsophila fastigiata and Euphorbia cyparissias form a group of species with mostly higher concentrations of nutrient elements. On the gypsum sites the N content in leaves is mostly higher, while in the majority of the cases the Fe and Al content is lower than on the comparison sites. The Ca concentration in leaves decreases beginning from the gypsum sites via the carbonate to the silicate ones. On the gypsum and carbonate sites the K, P and Mn values are lower than on the silicate ones. With the exception of the often increased Ca content in the leaves ground vegetation growing on xerothermic gypsum and carbonate sites has in the main lower element contents as compared with vegetation growing on gneiss sites.

Wasserverbrauch, Ernährung und Wachstum von Kiefernsämlingen bei verschiedener Belichtung, Bewässerung und Düngung1)

Summary In a pot trial pine seedlings growing on quartz sand were tested with regard to the effect of shade and different doses of water, nitrogen, potassium and calcium on water consumption and plant growth as well as on nutrient concentrations in needles. The productivity of water consumption increases as a result of fertilization (mainly by application of N and K), decreases in the case of increased water supply and is little influenced by shading. Increased doses of light, water, and nitrogen cause dilution effects in concentrations of nutrient elements which have to be taken into account in interpretations of needle analyses. If the contents of nutrient elements are related to the quantity of albumen contained in the needles the possibilities of information are extended by means of needle analysis.

Untersuchungen zur Aufnahme von Phosphoroxidtriamid und Phosphornitridamiden durch Mais in Wasserkultur

Summary Among the covalent NP compounds investigated in water cultures with respect to their nutritional effect on maize phosphorus oxide triamide possesses the most favourable properties. Yield as well as N and P content of the shoots are highest, transport of phosphorus from root to shoot exceeds that of inorganic phosphate. Of the ring-shaped phosphorus nitride amides the tetramer compound produces a particularly adverse effect on yield. The transport of phosphorus from root to shoot is here so weak that the leaves begin to exhibit distinct P deficiency symptoms. Highest yields can be provided by the application of inorganic phosphate, the P and N content is in the shoot, however, by far lower than that in plants supplied with phosphorus oxide triamide. The total uptake of P is equal for both compounds.

Einfluß biologischer und ökologischer Faktoren auf den Nährelementgehalt der Eibe (Taxus baccata L.)

Summary Compared with conifers yew distinguishes itself by high N, K, Mn, Zn, B and Mo contents as well as low Al and Si contents. It is not capable of excluding increased supplies of Ca, Mn, Zn and Al in the soil solution from uptake. A K—Ca antagonism does not exist. The genotypical NPK ratio is 57: 5: 38, the N: K ratio amounts to 1.5 and N: P to 11.4. With increasing needle age the N, P, K, Mg and Mo content decreases, the Cu, Mn, Fe, Zn, Mo, Al and Si content rises on silicate sites and the same applies to Cu, Fe, Al and Si on limestone sites, while the Mn, Zn and Mo contents on limestone remain nearly unchanged. On acid silicate sites old needles have very high Mn (up to 1.5 %), Zn and Al contents. Heavy thinning in beech stands with yew in the second tree layer leads to a lowering of the NPK content in needles in consequence of enhanced organic production.

Untersuchungen zur Aufnahme von Amidophosphorsäureestern durch Maispflanzen

Summary The covalent nitrogen phosphorus compounds, diamino phosphoric acid ethylester, amido phosphoric acid diethylester, phosphoric acid triethylester, and diamido phosphoric acid phenylester were investigated with regard to their nutritional effect on maize grown in water cultures. While amido phosphoric acid diethylester and phosphoric acid triethylester cannot compete well with inorganic phosphate as a reference, neither in yield nor in the utilization of P, diamido phosphoric acid ethylester exhibited a good nutritional effect. Diamido phosphoric acid phenylester exercises a detrimental influence on plants and shows a somewhat smaller effect on the yield than the ethyl derivate.

Ernährung und Wachstum der Birke (Betula pendula Roth) auf Sulfat-, Karbonat- und Silikatstandorten Thüringens

Summary On 30 different Thuringian sites the nutrition and growth of birch ( Betula, pendula R oth ) were investigated. Silicate (Palaeozoic slates, Bunter Sandstone), carbonate (Zechstein carbonate, Muschelkalk) and sulfate sites (Zechstein gypsum and anhydrite) with natural and anthropogenic soils were included. Nutrition and growth conditions for birch are best on acid silicate sites (particularly on the fresh slate sites which are richer in nutriens), they are worse on neutral carbonate and sulfate sites (incipient K, P and Mn deficiency). The natural gypsum sites have often the lowest nutrient content, the latter is extremely low in the case of potassium. The lesser supply of nutrient elements and water is balanced out to a certain degree by the trees due to a wider distance between them.

Verteilungsmuster nadelanalytischer Kennwerte in Koniferenkronen

Summary Young black pine trees (Pinus nigra austriaca) on shell limestone and older spruce trees (Picea abies) on variegated sandstone were investigated with regard to the distribution patterns of needle characteristics (needle mass, concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, Al and B) in the crown with the aid of the multiple linear regression analysis. The needles are the longer, the shorter their distance to the terminal shoot is during their development. In spite of considerable differences in age, site and time of sampling the P and Cu levels in the needles of both tree species uniformly decrease depending upon age, while the Ca, Fe and B levels increase. In the case of these elements the whorl position does not exert any significant linear influence, with the except of B level, which decreases down the crown. In the case of the other elements the correlations between needle age and whorl position of both tree species are different. In connection with the new-type forest damages it is interesting that the concentration of Mg in the needles of healthy spruce trees decreases with advancing needle age and down-crown. In spruce trees the Zn level in needles diminishes with advancing needle age, while the whorl position does not exert any influence. Based upon an analysis of the distribution patterns it is regarded possible to detect abnormal changes of the assimilation apparatus at an early stage.