Harro van Asselt

The future of the CDM: same same, but differentiated?

Policy-makers and scientists have raised concerns about the functioning of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), in particular regarding its low contribution to sustainable development, unbalanced regional and sectoral distribution of projects, and its limited contribution to global emission reductions. Differentiation between countries or project types has been proposed as a possible way forward to address these problems. An overview is provided of the different ways in which CDM differentiation could be implemented. The implications for the actors involved in the CDM are analysed, along with a quantitative assessment of the impacts on the carbon market, using bottom-up marginal abatement cost curves. The discounting of CDM credits, quota systems, or differentiated eligibility of countries could help to address several of the concerns raised. Preferential treatment may also make a limited contribution to achieving the aims of CDM differentiation by increasing opportunities for under-represented host countries. The impact on the carbon market appears to be limited for most options.

Flexibility mechanisms and sustainable development: lessons from five AIJ projects

Do ‘Activities Implemented Jointly’ (AIJ) projects contribute to sustainable development in the host countries? Which factors have contributed to the success or failure of the projects? Five AIJ projects were examined, accounting for 90% of the total AIJ expenditure of the Dutch government. The projects are at different stages of implementation, and four are in the process of being submitted as Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects. Although all five projects focused on small renewables, only one was very successful in also promoting sustainable development, while one failed completely in both achieving emissions reduction and promoting sustainable development. In this small set, the project with the most cost-effective reduction of greenhouse gases was also the project that attained the most sustainable development benefits. In order to develop successful projects that also contribute to sustainable development, it is critical that projects should be demand-driven (not only by governments, but also by involved stakeholders), designed carefully, well-documented in order to ensure institutional memory, and should aim to have a demonstrative effect.

Exogenous Promotion of Sustainable Electricity Policies in India: Opportunities and Challenges

The Indian government needs to increase the access to electricity of a growing population and economy taking into account major environmental and health related challenges, rapidly changing technologies, social and cultural preferences and international commitments. Such an increased access calls for substantial investment, and hence India has been gradually liberalising the electricity sector since 1991. This paper addresses the question: What are the opportunities for accessing the foreign funding available to India and how can it use this funding to modernise its electricity sector in a sustainable manner? Based on a two year research programme, this paper examines the international institutional context and draws conclusions regarding the different mechanisms for India and the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats facing India. It argues that since foreign funding is flowing into the country with enhanced liberalisation, the climate change mechanisms should be used to steer electricity generation in a sustainable direction, and aid funds should be used to focus on access for the rural poor to energy.

Climate Change Policy in the European Union: The evolving governance context: the European Union

Foreword Preface List of contributors List of abbreviations Part I. Introduction and Overview: 1. Climate change policy in the European Union: an introduction Andrew Jordan, Dave Huitema and Harro van Asselt Part II. The Evolving Governance Context: The European Union: 2. Governing the European Union: policy choices and governance dilemmas Andrew Jordan, Dave Huitema, Tim Rayner and Harro van Asselt 3. The evolution of climate policy in the European Union: an historical overview Andrew Jordan and Tim Rayner Part III. Climate Policy in the European Union: Understanding the Past: 4. Burden sharing: distributing burdens or sharing efforts? Constanze Haug and Andrew Jordan 5. Renewable energies: a continuing balancing act? Roger Hildingsson, Johannes Stripple and Andrew Jordan 6. Emissions trading: the enthusiastic adoption of an alien instrument? Harro van Asselt 7. Adapting to a changing climate: an emerging European Union policy? Tim Rayner and Andrew Jordan 8. Adaptation in the water sector: will mainstreaming be sufficient? Eric Massey, Dave Huitema, Andrew Jordan and Tim Rayner 9. The evolution of climate change policy in the European Union: a synthesis Andrew Jordan, Dave Huitema, Harro van Asselt and Tim Rayner Part IV. Climate Policy in the European Union: Future Challenges: 10. Exploring the future: the role of scenarios and policy exercises Frans Berkhout, Constanze Haug, Roger Hildingsson, Johannes Stripple and Andrew Jordan 11. Governance choices and dilemmas in a warmer Europe: what does the future hold for the European Union? Johannes Stripple, Tim Rayner, Roger Hildingsson, Andrew Jordan and Constanze Haug Part V. Climate Policy in the European Union: Retrospect and Prospect: 12. Governing climate change in the European Union: understanding the past and preparing for the future Andrew Jordan, Dave Huitema, Harro van Asselt, Tim Rayner and Frans Berkhout Index.

Climate Change Policy in the European Union: Climate policy in the European Union: retrospect and prospect

Foreword Preface List of contributors List of abbreviations Part I. Introduction and Overview: 1. Climate change policy in the European Union: an introduction Andrew Jordan, Dave Huitema and Harro van Asselt Part II. The Evolving Governance Context: The European Union: 2. Governing the European Union: policy choices and governance dilemmas Andrew Jordan, Dave Huitema, Tim Rayner and Harro van Asselt 3. The evolution of climate policy in the European Union: an historical overview Andrew Jordan and Tim Rayner Part III. Climate Policy in the European Union: Understanding the Past: 4. Burden sharing: distributing burdens or sharing efforts? Constanze Haug and Andrew Jordan 5. Renewable energies: a continuing balancing act? Roger Hildingsson, Johannes Stripple and Andrew Jordan 6. Emissions trading: the enthusiastic adoption of an alien instrument? Harro van Asselt 7. Adapting to a changing climate: an emerging European Union policy? Tim Rayner and Andrew Jordan 8. Adaptation in the water sector: will mainstreaming be sufficient? Eric Massey, Dave Huitema, Andrew Jordan and Tim Rayner 9. The evolution of climate change policy in the European Union: a synthesis Andrew Jordan, Dave Huitema, Harro van Asselt and Tim Rayner Part IV. Climate Policy in the European Union: Future Challenges: 10. Exploring the future: the role of scenarios and policy exercises Frans Berkhout, Constanze Haug, Roger Hildingsson, Johannes Stripple and Andrew Jordan 11. Governance choices and dilemmas in a warmer Europe: what does the future hold for the European Union? Johannes Stripple, Tim Rayner, Roger Hildingsson, Andrew Jordan and Constanze Haug Part V. Climate Policy in the European Union: Retrospect and Prospect: 12. Governing climate change in the European Union: understanding the past and preparing for the future Andrew Jordan, Dave Huitema, Harro van Asselt, Tim Rayner and Frans Berkhout Index.

Climate Change Policy in the European Union: Frontmatter

Foreword Preface List of contributors List of abbreviations Part I. Introduction and Overview: 1. Climate change policy in the European Union: an introduction Andrew Jordan, Dave Huitema and Harro van Asselt Part II. The Evolving Governance Context: The European Union: 2. Governing the European Union: policy choices and governance dilemmas Andrew Jordan, Dave Huitema, Tim Rayner and Harro van Asselt 3. The evolution of climate policy in the European Union: an historical overview Andrew Jordan and Tim Rayner Part III. Climate Policy in the European Union: Understanding the Past: 4. Burden sharing: distributing burdens or sharing efforts? Constanze Haug and Andrew Jordan 5. Renewable energies: a continuing balancing act? Roger Hildingsson, Johannes Stripple and Andrew Jordan 6. Emissions trading: the enthusiastic adoption of an alien instrument? Harro van Asselt 7. Adapting to a changing climate: an emerging European Union policy? Tim Rayner and Andrew Jordan 8. Adaptation in the water sector: will mainstreaming be sufficient? Eric Massey, Dave Huitema, Andrew Jordan and Tim Rayner 9. The evolution of climate change policy in the European Union: a synthesis Andrew Jordan, Dave Huitema, Harro van Asselt and Tim Rayner Part IV. Climate Policy in the European Union: Future Challenges: 10. Exploring the future: the role of scenarios and policy exercises Frans Berkhout, Constanze Haug, Roger Hildingsson, Johannes Stripple and Andrew Jordan 11. Governance choices and dilemmas in a warmer Europe: what does the future hold for the European Union? Johannes Stripple, Tim Rayner, Roger Hildingsson, Andrew Jordan and Constanze Haug Part V. Climate Policy in the European Union: Retrospect and Prospect: 12. Governing climate change in the European Union: understanding the past and preparing for the future Andrew Jordan, Dave Huitema, Harro van Asselt, Tim Rayner and Frans Berkhout Index.

Climate Change Policy in the European Union: Introduction and overview

Foreword Preface List of contributors List of abbreviations Part I. Introduction and Overview: 1. Climate change policy in the European Union: an introduction Andrew Jordan, Dave Huitema and Harro van Asselt Part II. The Evolving Governance Context: The European Union: 2. Governing the European Union: policy choices and governance dilemmas Andrew Jordan, Dave Huitema, Tim Rayner and Harro van Asselt 3. The evolution of climate policy in the European Union: an historical overview Andrew Jordan and Tim Rayner Part III. Climate Policy in the European Union: Understanding the Past: 4. Burden sharing: distributing burdens or sharing efforts? Constanze Haug and Andrew Jordan 5. Renewable energies: a continuing balancing act? Roger Hildingsson, Johannes Stripple and Andrew Jordan 6. Emissions trading: the enthusiastic adoption of an alien instrument? Harro van Asselt 7. Adapting to a changing climate: an emerging European Union policy? Tim Rayner and Andrew Jordan 8. Adaptation in the water sector: will mainstreaming be sufficient? Eric Massey, Dave Huitema, Andrew Jordan and Tim Rayner 9. The evolution of climate change policy in the European Union: a synthesis Andrew Jordan, Dave Huitema, Harro van Asselt and Tim Rayner Part IV. Climate Policy in the European Union: Future Challenges: 10. Exploring the future: the role of scenarios and policy exercises Frans Berkhout, Constanze Haug, Roger Hildingsson, Johannes Stripple and Andrew Jordan 11. Governance choices and dilemmas in a warmer Europe: what does the future hold for the European Union? Johannes Stripple, Tim Rayner, Roger Hildingsson, Andrew Jordan and Constanze Haug Part V. Climate Policy in the European Union: Retrospect and Prospect: 12. Governing climate change in the European Union: understanding the past and preparing for the future Andrew Jordan, Dave Huitema, Harro van Asselt, Tim Rayner and Frans Berkhout Index.

Climate Change Policy in the European Union: List of abbreviations

Foreword Preface List of contributors List of abbreviations Part I. Introduction and Overview: 1. Climate change policy in the European Union: an introduction Andrew Jordan, Dave Huitema and Harro van Asselt Part II. The Evolving Governance Context: The European Union: 2. Governing the European Union: policy choices and governance dilemmas Andrew Jordan, Dave Huitema, Tim Rayner and Harro van Asselt 3. The evolution of climate policy in the European Union: an historical overview Andrew Jordan and Tim Rayner Part III. Climate Policy in the European Union: Understanding the Past: 4. Burden sharing: distributing burdens or sharing efforts? Constanze Haug and Andrew Jordan 5. Renewable energies: a continuing balancing act? Roger Hildingsson, Johannes Stripple and Andrew Jordan 6. Emissions trading: the enthusiastic adoption of an alien instrument? Harro van Asselt 7. Adapting to a changing climate: an emerging European Union policy? Tim Rayner and Andrew Jordan 8. Adaptation in the water sector: will mainstreaming be sufficient? Eric Massey, Dave Huitema, Andrew Jordan and Tim Rayner 9. The evolution of climate change policy in the European Union: a synthesis Andrew Jordan, Dave Huitema, Harro van Asselt and Tim Rayner Part IV. Climate Policy in the European Union: Future Challenges: 10. Exploring the future: the role of scenarios and policy exercises Frans Berkhout, Constanze Haug, Roger Hildingsson, Johannes Stripple and Andrew Jordan 11. Governance choices and dilemmas in a warmer Europe: what does the future hold for the European Union? Johannes Stripple, Tim Rayner, Roger Hildingsson, Andrew Jordan and Constanze Haug Part V. Climate Policy in the European Union: Retrospect and Prospect: 12. Governing climate change in the European Union: understanding the past and preparing for the future Andrew Jordan, Dave Huitema, Harro van Asselt, Tim Rayner and Frans Berkhout Index.

Climate Change Policy in the European Union: Climate policy in the European Union: understanding the past

Foreword Preface List of contributors List of abbreviations Part I. Introduction and Overview: 1. Climate change policy in the European Union: an introduction Andrew Jordan, Dave Huitema and Harro van Asselt Part II. The Evolving Governance Context: The European Union: 2. Governing the European Union: policy choices and governance dilemmas Andrew Jordan, Dave Huitema, Tim Rayner and Harro van Asselt 3. The evolution of climate policy in the European Union: an historical overview Andrew Jordan and Tim Rayner Part III. Climate Policy in the European Union: Understanding the Past: 4. Burden sharing: distributing burdens or sharing efforts? Constanze Haug and Andrew Jordan 5. Renewable energies: a continuing balancing act? Roger Hildingsson, Johannes Stripple and Andrew Jordan 6. Emissions trading: the enthusiastic adoption of an alien instrument? Harro van Asselt 7. Adapting to a changing climate: an emerging European Union policy? Tim Rayner and Andrew Jordan 8. Adaptation in the water sector: will mainstreaming be sufficient? Eric Massey, Dave Huitema, Andrew Jordan and Tim Rayner 9. The evolution of climate change policy in the European Union: a synthesis Andrew Jordan, Dave Huitema, Harro van Asselt and Tim Rayner Part IV. Climate Policy in the European Union: Future Challenges: 10. Exploring the future: the role of scenarios and policy exercises Frans Berkhout, Constanze Haug, Roger Hildingsson, Johannes Stripple and Andrew Jordan 11. Governance choices and dilemmas in a warmer Europe: what does the future hold for the European Union? Johannes Stripple, Tim Rayner, Roger Hildingsson, Andrew Jordan and Constanze Haug Part V. Climate Policy in the European Union: Retrospect and Prospect: 12. Governing climate change in the European Union: understanding the past and preparing for the future Andrew Jordan, Dave Huitema, Harro van Asselt, Tim Rayner and Frans Berkhout Index.

Climate Change Policy in the European Union: Index

Foreword Preface List of contributors List of abbreviations Part I. Introduction and Overview: 1. Climate change policy in the European Union: an introduction Andrew Jordan, Dave Huitema and Harro van Asselt Part II. The Evolving Governance Context: The European Union: 2. Governing the European Union: policy choices and governance dilemmas Andrew Jordan, Dave Huitema, Tim Rayner and Harro van Asselt 3. The evolution of climate policy in the European Union: an historical overview Andrew Jordan and Tim Rayner Part III. Climate Policy in the European Union: Understanding the Past: 4. Burden sharing: distributing burdens or sharing efforts? Constanze Haug and Andrew Jordan 5. Renewable energies: a continuing balancing act? Roger Hildingsson, Johannes Stripple and Andrew Jordan 6. Emissions trading: the enthusiastic adoption of an alien instrument? Harro van Asselt 7. Adapting to a changing climate: an emerging European Union policy? Tim Rayner and Andrew Jordan 8. Adaptation in the water sector: will mainstreaming be sufficient? Eric Massey, Dave Huitema, Andrew Jordan and Tim Rayner 9. The evolution of climate change policy in the European Union: a synthesis Andrew Jordan, Dave Huitema, Harro van Asselt and Tim Rayner Part IV. Climate Policy in the European Union: Future Challenges: 10. Exploring the future: the role of scenarios and policy exercises Frans Berkhout, Constanze Haug, Roger Hildingsson, Johannes Stripple and Andrew Jordan 11. Governance choices and dilemmas in a warmer Europe: what does the future hold for the European Union? Johannes Stripple, Tim Rayner, Roger Hildingsson, Andrew Jordan and Constanze Haug Part V. Climate Policy in the European Union: Retrospect and Prospect: 12. Governing climate change in the European Union: understanding the past and preparing for the future Andrew Jordan, Dave Huitema, Harro van Asselt, Tim Rayner and Frans Berkhout Index.