Harry F.J.M. Crebolder

Effects of preventive home visits to elderly people living in the community: systematic review

Abstract Objective: To assess the effects of preventive home visits to elderly people living in the community. Design: Systematic review. Setting: 15 trials retrieved from Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane controlled trial register. Main outcome measures: Physical function, psychosocial function, falls, admissions to institutions, and mortality. Results: Considerable differences in the methodological quality of the 15 trials were found, but in general the quality was considered adequate. Favourable effects of the home visits were observed in 5 out of 12 trials measuring physical functioning, 1 out of 8 measuring psychosocial function, 2 out of 6 measuring falls, 2 out of 7 measuring admissions to institutions, and 3 of 13 measuring mortality. None of the trials reported negative effects. Conclusions: No clear evidence was found in favour of the effectiveness of preventive home visits to elderly people living in the community. It seems essential that the effectiveness of such visits is improved, but if this cannot be achieved consideration should be given to discontinuing these visits.

Provider-patient interaction in diabetes care: effects on patient self-care and outcomes. A systematic review.

A systematic review of the research literature using Medline, Embase, Psyclit/Psycinfo and the Cochrane Library files 1980 through 2001, identified only eight publications based on well-designed studies involving randomised controlled trials (RCTs)--testing the effects of modification of provider-patient interaction and provider consulting style on patient diabetes self-care and diabetes outcomes, in general practice or hospital outpatient settings. Review of these publications leads to the tentative conclusion that focusing on patient behaviour--directly enhancing patient participation i.e. by assistant-guided patient preparation for visits to doctors, empowering group education, group consultations, or automated telephone management--is more effective than focusing on provider behaviour to change their consulting style into a more patient-centred one. The latter proves hard to sustain, needs intensive support, and is not very effective in improving patient self-care and health outcomes when executed alone. Patient behaviour focused interventions show good efficacy and efficiency, and improve patient self-care and diabetes outcomes. More well-designed intervention studies focusing on enhancing patient participation in primary and hospital outpatient diabetes care are needed.

Effects of a programme of multifactorial home visits on falls and mobility impairments in elderly people at risk: randomised controlled trial

Abstract Objective: To evaluate whether a programme of multifactorial home visits reduces falls and impairments in mobility in elderly people living in the community. Design: Randomised controlled trial with 18 months of follow up. Setting: Six general practices in Hoensbroek, the Netherlands. Participants: 316 people aged 70 and over living in the community, with moderate impairments in mobility or a history of recent falls. Intervention: Five home visits by a community nurse over a period of one year. Visits consisted of screening for medical, environmental, and behavioural factors causing falls and impairments in mobility, followed by specific advice, referrals, and other actions aimed at dealing with the observed hazards. Main outcome measures: Falls and impairments in mobility. Results: No differences were found in falls and mobility outcomes between the intervention and usual care groups. Conclusion: Multifactorial home visits had no effects on falls and impairments in mobility in elderly people at risk who were living in the community. Because falls and impairments in mobility remain a serious problem among elderly people, alternative strategies should be developed and evaluated.

Review articleProvider–patient interaction in diabetes care: effects on patient self-care and outcomes: A systematic review

A systematic review of the research literature using Medline, Embase, Psyclit/Psycinfo and the Cochrane Library files 1980 through 2001, identified only eight publications based on well-designed studies involving randomised controlled trials (RCTs)--testing the effects of modification of provider-patient interaction and provider consulting style on patient diabetes self-care and diabetes outcomes, in general practice or hospital outpatient settings. Review of these publications leads to the tentative conclusion that focusing on patient behaviour--directly enhancing patient participation i.e. by assistant-guided patient preparation for visits to doctors, empowering group education, group consultations, or automated telephone management--is more effective than focusing on provider behaviour to change their consulting style into a more patient-centred one. The latter proves hard to sustain, needs intensive support, and is not very effective in improving patient self-care and health outcomes when executed alone. Patient behaviour focused interventions show good efficacy and efficiency, and improve patient self-care and diabetes outcomes. More well-designed intervention studies focusing on enhancing patient participation in primary and hospital outpatient diabetes care are needed.

Lack of Effectiveness of a Multidisciplinary Fall-Prevention Program in Elderly People at Risk: A Randomized, Controlled Trial

OBJECTIVES: To assess whether a pragmatic multidisciplinary fall‐prevention program was more effective than usual care in preventing new falls and functional decline in elderly people.

Use of out of hours services: a comparison between two organisations

Objectives: To investigate differences in numbers and characteristics of patients using primary or emergency care because of differences in organisation of out of hours care. Background: Increasing numbers of self referrals at the accident and emergency (A&E) department cause overcrowding, while a substantial number of these patients exhibit minor injuries that can be treated by a general practitioner (GP). Methods: Two different organisations of out of hours care in two Dutch cities (Heerlen and Maastricht) were investigated. Important differences between the two organisations are the accessibility and the location of primary care facility (GP cooperative). The Heerlen GP cooperative is situated in the centre of the city and is respectively 5 km and 9 km away from the two A&E departments situated in the area of Heerlen. This GP cooperative can only be visited by appointment. The Maastricht GP cooperative has free access and is located within the local A&E department. During a three week period all registration forms of patient contacts with out of hours care (GP cooperative and A&E department) were collected and with respect to the primary care patients a random sample of one third was analysed. Results: For the Heerlen and Maastricht GP cooperative the annual contact rate, as extrapolated from our data, per 1000 inhabitants per year is 238 and 279 respectively (χ2(1df)=4.385, p=0.036). The contact rate at the A&E departments of Heerlen (n=66) and Maastricht (n=52) is not different (χ2(1df)=1.765, p=0.184). Some 51.7% of the patients attending the A&E department in Heerlen during out of hours were self referred, compared with 15.9% in Maastricht (χ2(1df)=203.13, p<0.001). Conclusions: The organisation of out of hours care in Maastricht has optimised the GP’s gatekeeper function and thereby led to fewer self referrals at the A&E department, compared with Heerlen.

Cost-effectiveness of a multidisciplinary fall prevention program in community-dwelling elderly people: A randomized controlled trial (ISRCTN 64716113)

OBJECTIVES Multidisciplinary and multifactorial interventions seem to be effective in preventing falls. We aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of a multidisciplinary fall prevention program compared with usual Dutch healthcare in community-dwelling people 65 years of age or older who experienced a fall. METHODS Cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analysis were performed from a societal perspective. Falls and healthcare utilization were continuously measured for 12 months. Daily functioning and quality of life were measured at baseline, after 4 and 12 months. Bootstrap analyses were performed to estimate uncertainty of the findings and sensitivity analysis to assess the generalizability of assumptions made. RESULTS One hundred sixty-six participants were randomly allocated to the experimental group and 167 to the control group. The overall response rate was 74 percent. Healthcare and patient and family costs of both groups were comparable. Our analyses showed no effect of the intervention program on falls, daily functioning, or quality of life measures. CONCLUSIONS The multidisciplinary intervention program to prevent falls was not cost-effective compared with usual care in the Netherlands. Notwithstanding our findings, however, falls still have an important impact on society and individuals in terms of costs and effects. Economic evaluations studying promising interventions to prevent falls, therefore, remain necessary.

The Impact of a Primary Care Physician Cooperative on the Caseload of an Emergency Department: The Maastricht Integrated Out-of-Hours Service

AbstractOBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of an out-of-hours primary care physician (PCP) cooperative on the caseload at the emergency department (ED) and to study characteristics of patients utilizing out-of-hours care. DESIGN: A pre-post intervention design was used. During a 3-week period before and a 3-week period after establishing the PCP cooperative, all patient records with out-of-hours primary and emergency care were analyzed. SETTING: Primary care in Maastricht (the Netherlands) is delivered by 59 PCPs. Primary care physicians formerly organized out-of-hours care in small locum groups. In January 2000, out-of-hours primary care was reorganized, and a PCP cooperative was established. This cooperative is located at the ED of the University Hospital Maastricht, the city’s only hospital, which has no emergency medicine specialists. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The number of patients utilizing out-of-hours care, their age and sex, diagnoses, post-ED care, and serious adverse events. RESULTS. After establishing the PCP cooperative, the proportion of patients utilizing emergency care decreased by 53%, and the proportion of patients utilizing primary care increased by 25%. The shift was the largest for patients with musculoskeletal disorders or skin problems. There were fewer hospital admissions, and fewer subsequent referrals to the patient’s own PCP and medical specialists. No substantial change in new outpatient visits at the hospital or in mortality occurred. CONCLUSIONS: In the city of Maastricht, the Netherlands, the PCP cooperative reduced the use of hospital emergency care during out-of-hours care.

Patient autonomy during rehabilitation: the experiences of stroke patients in nursing homes.

This article describes the results of a grounded theory study among stroke patients (N=17, aged 50-85) in rehabilitation wards in nursing homes. Patient autonomy (dimensions: self-determination, independence and self-care) increases during rehabilitation due to patient factors (conditions and strategies of patient) and environmental factors (nursing home and strategies of health professionals and family). During rehabilitation patients are in a state of transition regarding autonomy: patients need support to enhance autonomy, gradually regain autonomy, and thereby need less support. Although facilitating environmental factors were discovered, patients also experienced constraining factors regarding patient autonomy. Health professionals should give more attention to self-determination and independence; the nursing home should offer stroke patients more opportunities to do familiar activities autonomously.

Impact of gait problems and falls on functioning in independent living persons of 55 years and over: a community survey

In a cross-sectional, population-based study among community-dwelling persons of 55 years and over the incidence of falls, risk indicators for falls, specifically age, and the impact of gait problems, falls and other risk factors on functioning was determined. A randomly age-stratified sample (n = 655) was taken from all independent living persons of 55 years and over (n = 2269) and registered in a primary health care centre. They received a mail questionnaire concerning demographic data, history of falls and injuries due to falls, physical and mental health status, gait problems, functional status, including social activities. The response rate was 62% (n = 405). Of the subjects aged 55 years and of those aged 65 years and over, 25% and 31% respectively fell at least once in the previous year. Half of the people reporting falls fell more than once. Serious injury occurred in 9% of the fallers, with 4% fractures. There is a significant association between falling and age and, even more clearly, between gait problems and age. The main risk factors of single and recurrent falls were female gender, physical health status and gait problems. Logistic regression analysis reveals that the main determinants of falling in general are gait problems and female gender and, of recurrent falling female gender, physical complaints and gait problems. Falls have some negative effect on functioning, i.e. mobility range and social activities, but this is overshadowed by mental status indicators and gait problems.