Harry T. Reis

Handbook of Research Methods in Social and Personality Psychology

Introduction to the second edition Harry T. Reis and Charles M. Judd 1. Scratch an itch with a brick: why we do research Susan T. Fiske Part I. Design and Inference Considerations: 2. Research design and issues of validity Marilynn B. Brewer and William D. Crano 3. Research design Eliot R. Smith 4. Causal inference and generalization in field settings: experimental and quasi-experimental designs Stephen G. West, Heining Cham and Yu Liu 5. Field research methods Elizabeth Levy Paluck and Robert B. Cialdini Part II. Procedural Possibilities: 6. Using physiological indexes in social psychological research Jim Blascovich 7. Research methods in social and affective neuroscience Eliot T. Berkman, William A. Cunningham and Matthew D. Lieberman 8. Behavior genetic research methods: testing quasi-causal hypotheses using multivariate twin data Erica Turkheimer and K. Paige Harden 9. Methods of small group research Norbert L. Kerr and R. Scott Tindale 10. Inducing and measuring emotion and affect: tips, tricks, and secrets Karen S. Quigley, Kristen A. Lindquist and Lisa Feldman Barrett 11. Complex dynamical systems in social and personality psychology: theory, modeling, and analysis Michael J. Richardson, Rick Dale and Kerry L. Marsh 12. Implicit measures in social and personality psychology Bertram Gawronski and Jan De Houwer 13. The mind in the middle: a practical guide to priming and automaticity research John A. Bargh and Tanya L. Chartrand 14. Behavioral observation and coding Richard E. Heyman, Michael F. Lorber, J. Mark Eddy and Tessa V. West 15. Methods for studying everyday experience in its natural context Harry T. Reis, Shelley L. Gable and Michael R. Maniaci 16. Survey research Jon A. Krosnick, Paul L. Lavrakas and Nuri Kim 17. Conducting research on the Internet Michael R. Maniaci and Ronald D. Rogge Part III. Data Analytic Strategies: 18. Measurement, reliability, construct validation, and scale construction Oliver P. John and Veronica Benet-Martinez 19. Exploring causal and noncausal hypotheses in nonexperimental data Leandre R. Fabrigar and Duane T. Wegener 20. Advanced psychometrics: confirmatory factor analysis, item response theory, and the study of measurement invariance Keith F. Widaman and Kevin J. Grimm 21. Multilevel and longitudinal modeling Alexander M. Schoemann, Mijke Rhemtulla and Todd D. Little 22. The design and analysis of data from dyads and groups David A. Kenny and Deborah A. Kashy 23. Nasty data: unruly, ill-mannered observations can ruin your analysis Gary H. McClelland 24. Missing data analysis Gina L. Mazza and Craig K. Enders 25. Meditation and moderation Charles M. Judd, Vincent Y. Yzerbyt and Dominique Muller 26. Meta-analysis of research in social and personality psychology Blair T. Johnson and Alice H. Eagly.

Daily Well-Being: The Role of Autonomy, Competence, and Relatedness

Emotional well-being is most typically studied in trait or trait-like terms, yet a growing literature indicates that daily (within-person) fluctuations in emotional well-being may be equally important. The present research explored the hypothesis that daily variations may be understood in terms of the degree to which three basic needs—autonomy, competence, and relatedness—are satisfied in daily activity. Hierarchical linear models were used to examine this hypothesis across 2 weeks of daily activity and well-being reports controlling for trait-level individual differences. Results strongly supported the hypothesis. The authors also examined the social activities that contribute to satisfaction of relatedness needs. The best predictors were meaningful talk and feeling understood and appreciated by interaction partners. Finally, the authors found systematic day-of-the-week variations in emotional well-being and need satisfaction. These results are discussed in terms of the importance of daily activities and the need to consider both trait and day-level determinants of well-being.

Behavioral activation and inhibition in everyday life.

Joint effects of daily events and dispositional sensitivities to cues of reward and punishment on daily positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) were examined in 3 diary studies. Study 1 showed that positive events were strongly related to PA but not NA, whereas negative events were strongly related to NA but not PA. Studies 2 and 3 examined how the dispositional sensitivities of independent appetitive and aversive motivational systems, the Behavioral Activation System (BAS) and the Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS), moderated these relationships. Participants in Study 2 with higher BAS sensitivity reported more PA on average; those with more sensitive BIS reported more NA. Also, BIS moderated reactions to negative events, such that higher BIS sensitivity magnified reactions to negative events. Study 3 replicated these findings and showed that BAS predisposed people to experience more positive events. Results demonstrate the value of distinguishing within-person and between-person effects to clarify the functionally independent processes by which dispositional sensitivities influence affect.

An Atlas of Interpersonal Situations

Introducing a new hobby for other people may inspire them to join with you. Reading, as one of mutual hobby, is considered as the very easy hobby to do. But, many people are not interested in this hobby. Why? Boring is the reason of why. However, this feel actually can deal with the book and time of you reading. Yeah, one that we will refer to break the boredom in reading is choosing an atlas of interpersonal situations as the reading material.

Paper or plastic? Data equivalence in paper and electronic diaries

Concern has been raised about the lack of participant compliance in diary studies that use paper-and-pencil as opposed to electronic formats. Three studies explored the magnitude of compliance problems and their effects on data quality. Study 1 used random signals to elicit diary reports and found close matches to self-reported completion times, matches that could not plausibly have been fabricated. Studies 2 and 3 examined the psychometric and statistical equivalence of data obtained with paper versus electronic formats. With minor exceptions, both methods yielded data that were equivalent psychometrically and in patterns of findings. These results serve to at least partially mollify concern about the validity of paper diary methods.

Loneliness, social interaction, and sex roles

Forty-three male and 53 female college seniors maintained the Rochester Interaction Record for 2 weeks, providing information about every social interaction of 10 minutes or more. Subjects then completed the revised UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles) Loneliness Scale and the Personal Attributes Questionnaire, measuring sex-role orientation. For both sexes, loneliness was negatively related to the amount of time spent with females and to the meaningfulness of interaction with males and females. However, meaningfulness with males was more important than meaningfulness with females. Femininity was negatively related to loneliness for both sexes and partially mediated the above relationships. There were sex differences, however, in the extent to which variables overlapped in predicting loneliness. For example, a large group of nonlonely males was characterized both by having meaningful relationships with males and by spending time with females, whereas a second group of nonlonely males was characterized simply by having meaningful relationships with males. The largest group of nonlonely females was characterized simply by having meaningful relationships with males, but another sizable group was characterized simply by spending time with females. Females doing both accounted for very little of the variance.

Studying Social Interaction with the Rochester Interaction Record

Publisher Summary This chapter gives an overview of the Rochester Interaction Record (RIR), with its rationale, usages, and limitations. The reader and potential researcher is oriented to the technique, and is furnished with an overview of the various procedural and psychometric concerns that have guided the work. Theoretically useful conclusions are the “sine qua non” of methodological innovation in behavioral sciences. The chapter also describes some of the findings that have emerged from studies using the RIR and related instruments. It explains the rationale for the RIR, including comparison with traditional methods in interaction research, the technique in terms of its essential procedural and data analytic details, a discussion of reliability and validity issues, and the application of the RIR and related methods to other problems in social psychology. The chapter provides an overview on the self-reported questionnaires, behavioral observation, and comparison of the RIR with global questionnaires.

When sex is more than just sex : Attachment orientations, sexual experience, and relationship quality

The authors explored the contribution of individual differences in attachment orientations to the experience of sexual intercourse and its association with relationship quality. In Study 1, 500 participants completed self-report scales of attachment orientations and sexual experience. The findings indicated that whereas attachment anxiety was associated with an ambivalent construal of sexual experience, attachment avoidance was associated with more aversive sexual feelings and cognitions. In Study 2, 41 couples reported on their attachment orientations and provided daily diary measures of sexual experiences and relationship interactions for a period of 42 days. Results showed that attachment anxiety amplified the effects of positive and negative sexual experiences on relationship interactions. In contrast, attachment avoidance inhibited the positive relational effect of having sex and the detrimental relational effects of negative sexual interactions. The authors discuss the possibility that attachment orientations are associated with different sex-related strategies and goals within romantic relationships.

Attachment and exploration in adulthood.

In the present work, the relationship between attachment and exploration in adulthood is examined from both theoretical and empirical standpoints. Theoretically, attachment theorys exploration system is linked to R. W. Whites (1959) concept of effectance motivation, and to the motive and goals constructs that are central to the achievement motivation literature. Empirically, 4 studies are presented that document a link between adult attachment (operationalized using categorical, continuous, and dimensional measures) and achievement motives (need for achievement and fear of failure) and achievement goals (mastery-approach, mastery-avoidance, performance-approach, performance-avoidance, and approach relative to avoidance personal strivings). Mediational analyses establish the role of challenge construal, threat construal, and competence valuation in accounting for the observed relationships.

Attachment, attractiveness, and social interaction: A diary study.

To what extent are attachment styles manifested in natural social activity? A total of 125 participants categorized as possessing secure, avoidant, or anxious-ambivalent attachment styles kept structured social interaction diaries for 1 week. Several theoretically important findings emerged. First, compared with secure and anxious-ambivalent persons, avoidant persons reported lower levels of intimacy, enjoyment, promotive interaction, and positive emotions, and higher levels of negative emotions, primarily in opposite-sex interactions. Analyses indicated that avoidant persons may structure social activities in ways that minimize closeness. Second, secure people differentiated more clearly than either insecure group between romantic and other opposite-sex partners. Third, the subjective experiences of anxious-ambivalent persons were more variable than those of the other groups. Finally, the authors examined and rejected the possibility that attachment effects might be confounded with physical attractiveness. These findings suggest that feeling and behaviors that arise during spontaneous, everyday social activity may contribute to the maintenance of attachment styles in adulthood.