Hasan Basri Turgut

Variations in the anatomy of the inferior alveolar nerve

Variations in the anatomy of the inferior alveolar nerve were seen in 2 of the 20 dissections of the infratemporal fossa in 10 cadavers. A connecting nerve branch that originated from the auriculotemporal nerve joined the inferior alveolar nerve on both sides. The second part of the maxillary artery passed between the mandibular nerve, the root of the inferior alveolar nerve, and the connecting nerve branch which formed a loop. The maxillary artery seemed to be entrapped. Neurovascular entrapment can cause pain and numbness. Anatomical variations in this region should be kept in mind, particularly in cases of failed treatment of trigeminal neuralgia.

Bilateral anomaly of anterior bellies of digastric muscles

During dissection of the submental region, the anterior bellies of the right and left digastric muscles were found to have two separate portions, inserting into different locations in the submental region. The lateral portions of the anterior bellies of the digastric muscles originated from the digastric fossa and inserted into the hyoid bone. The medial parts of the anterior bellies of the right and left digastric muscles ran medially and inserted into the mylohyoid raphe on both sides, forming accessory digastric muscles. This anatomic abnormality of the muscle could be significant in surgical procedures involving the submental region.

Insertion abnormality of bilateral pectoralis minimus

Bilateral insertion abnormality of pectoralis minimus (sterno-costo- coracoidian muscle) muscle was examined. The variant muscle was lying under the pectoralis major muscle and was medial to the pectoralis minor muscle. This muscle started from the first costal cartilage to the manubrium sterni and ended in the upper surface of the shoulder joint on the right side. On the opposite side, it took origin from the second costal cartilage to the manubrium sterni and the second costochondral joint, afterwards became a tendinous structure and divided into two on the coracoid process. The thicker part ended on the upper surface of the articular capsule of the shoulder joint, the thinner part inserted on the lateral third of inferior part of clavicle and fascia of subclavius muscle.

The incidence and types of sella and sphenopetrous bridges

The incidence and types of sella and sphenopetrous bridges were investigated in 37 adult male and 43 adult female (a total of 80) dry skulls with removed calvarias. In addition to this, the sellar and parasellar region of ten fixed cadavers (two female and eight male) were carefully dissected, and the individuals were examined for the evidence of sella and sphenopetrous bridges. Sella bridges were seen in 34.17% of the subjects overall. The trace, incomplete and complete types were 11.9%, 3.7% and 17.5%, respectively. On the other hand, sphenopetrous bridges were observed in 15.8% of the male and 4.9% of the female subjects overall. The cadaveric investigation revealed one trace, three incomplete, and one complete sella bridge in three cadavers. In addition to this, a complete sphenopetrous bridge was detected in one of the cadavers. Variations in the cranial base are of importance for surgical approaches in that location.

Demonstration of the Nerve Distribution of the Masticatory Muscles in Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Two methods can be used in order to demonstrate the nerve distribution of an organ. One is the three‐dimensional reconstruction of the innervation pattern of the organ by tracing images of that organ from serial histological sections. The other is the in toto staining of the organ with subsequent clearing of the muscles. In the present study, in order to visualize the nerve distribution of the organ, that organ was completely cleared and the nerve fibres were stained. Detailed morphological structure of the intramuscular nerve distribution of a certain region and its functions are of importance not only for anatomists and physiologists but also for clinicians. In this study eight New Zealand rabbits were used to visualize the intramuscular nerve distribution of the muscles involved in mastication (temporalis m., pterygoideus medialis m., digastricus m., retractor mandibulae m. and masseter m.). The main nerve bundle was observed entering into the muscle as a single trunk and dividing into three branches in the muscle. These branches were also observed dividing into several subbranches while going to the periphery. When the samples were examined under a stereomicroscope, ‘Y’‐, ‘I’‐ and ‘O’‐shaped communications between those branches were observed.

Phrenic Nerve Distribution in the Rabbit Diaphragm and Morphometric Analysis of Nerve Branches

The best method to evaluate the pathogenesis of diaphragmatic disorders is to demonstrate the distribution pattern of the phrenic nerve in the diaphragm. For this purpose the branching pattern and the microanatomic features of the phrenic nerve were observed in six rabbits. All diaphragms were stained by using Sihlers stain method. The phrenic nerve divided into three to four branches when entering the diaphragm. These branches were classified as sternal, anterolateral, posterolateral and crural. The crural branches were the thickest whereas the anterolateral branches were the thinnest. Knowledge about the distribution pattern of the phrenic nerve may be important in surgical approach to the diaphragm.

Three‐dimensional assessment of the morphology of the umbilical artery in normal and pre‐eclamptic placentas

Aim:  Pre‐eclampsia is one of the main causes of intrauterine growth retardation. Although there are many studies performed in this setting showing the course of the umbilical vessels within the umbilical cord along with its structural changes, studies are lacking with regard to intraplacental vasculature and its structural changes.

Clearing and embedding in polyester resin for demonstrating the nerve distribution pattern of skeletal muscles

The preservation of many stained gross specimens in solution creates some difficulties. It is convenient and effective to preserve material in polyester resin instead of glycerol. The aim of this study was to determine the usefulness of clearing and embedding using polyester resin. The samples consisted of the nerve distribution patterns of skeletal muscles stained using Sihlers method. The muscles were cleared more successfully and the intramuscular nerve distributions were demonstrated better in polyester than in glycerol. The method presented here eliminates not only the storage and handling problems of specimens, but also problems such as pale stains and the molding of preparations. Furthermore, it is more convenient to examine and to photograph specimens cleared and embedded in polyester than those stored in glycerol.

Patent ductus arteriosus, large right pulmonary artery and brachiocephalic trunk variations. A case report

Aortic arch anomalies occur due to disorders of the development of primitive double aortic arch system. In this study a patent ductus arteriosus, which had the appearance of a muscular type artery, was observed in addition to an enlarged right pulmonary artery with a diameter of 2.4 cm, causing thickening to right ventricular wall. A left common carotid artery arising from the brachiocephalic trunk was also observed. Such a complicated variation is extremely rare.

Incidence of long second toe among university students

Abstract In this study, the incidence of long second toe in university students aged 17–25 was examined. In male students the incidence of long second toe in 155 right feet was 9.03% and in 154 left feet 11.03%. In female students the incidence of long second toe in 150 right feet was 6.66% and the incidence in 150 left feet was 8.00%. The length difference of the second toes between males and females was significant: the second toe in males was longer than the second toe of female students.