Hasan Z. Sarikaya

Characterization and treatment of effluent from opium alkaloid processing wastewater

Abstract Opium is a traditional produce of Turkey planted and harvested under the control of the Government. This study was undertaken to characterize the wastewater from opium alkaloid processing. Thus, the laboratory records of the two stage aerobic biological treatment plant of the Opium Alkaloid factory were evaluated. Following the statistical analysis of the results for the last three years, it was found that the median values of influent COD and BOD 5 concentrations were 29,300 mg/l and 15,000 mg/l respectively. Two stage aerobic biological treatment could reduce these values down to 1,132 mg/l and 100 mg/l. Specific wastewater generation was 6.7 m 3 per ton of the opium capsule processed. Experiments conducted at an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor type pilot plant have demonstrated that 70 percent of the incoming COD can be removed anaerobically, and can be considered as a cost effective substitute for the 1st stage of the aerobic treatment. Post treatment of the effluents of the existing two stage aerobic treatment with ozone resulted in significant color removal and COD reduction.

A New Approach to Determine the Practical Ozone Dose for Color Removal from Textile Wastewater

In this study, the effect of applied ozone dose and pH on color removal from textile wastewater was studied. A lab-scale ozonation system was used in the experiments. When the applied ozone dose increased, the color removal efficiency and the rate constants increased, whereas ozone utilization ratio decreased. On the other hand, increasing the pH increased color removal efficiency and ozone consumption but decreased specific ozone dose. By using the experimental results, a new model has been developed to determine the required ozone dose for the removal of color. By means of this method, it was possible to determine the required ozone dose for reducing the amount of color up to desired levels. Experimental results and the model predictions were in good agreement not only for textile wastewater but also for different industrial effluents. Some parameters affecting ozone utilization such as pH, could also be incorporated into the model.

Long-term anaerobic treatability studies on opium alkaloids industry effluents

In this study, the anaerobic treatability of high strength opium alkaloids processing industry wastewaters was investigated. The wastewater was fed to a lab-scale anaerobic upflow sludge blanket reactor (UASBR) operating at mesophilic conditions. The UASB reactor (11.5 L) was operated for 825 days at different hydraulic retention times ranging from 0.85 to 1.62 days and at organic loading rates ranging from 3.40 to 12.25 kg COD/m3.day. Anaerobic treatability studies indicated that 300 L CH4 can be produced per kg COD removed. At the 445th day of the study an extreme irreversible inhibition caused by N,N-dimethylaniline was experienced. This paper demonstrated that opium alkaloid industry wastewater can be efficiently treated by UASB type reactors with more than 80% COD removal efficiency at high organic loading rates.

A simplified model for thermal discharges

In this study a two-dimensional model has been developed in order to estimate the distribution of temperatures in the marine environment following the discharge of thermal effluents. The model is applicable to any type of marine environment; stratified or uniform. Any density or salinity profile can be handled for the stratified environment. The water column above the diffuser port is divided into a number of layers with thicknesses of 1 or 2 m, depending on the salinity and temperature data and the sea water density is assumed to be uniform within each layer. The average and the minimum dilutions and the average and maximum temperatures are calculated at each layer for the rising plume from port to the trapping level by iterative application of the model equations. This way a diffuser design which satisfies the regulations becomes possible. The model also predicts the dilutions and the temperatures due to subsequent dispersion which occurs during the transport of the field from the seawater surface or from the trapping level depending on the currents and turbulence. The heat transfer between the thermal plume and the ambient seawater is neglected to be on the safe side especially in evaluation of the environmental impact of the thermal discharges. The computer program called THERMOD not only calculates the dilutions and the temperatures, but also draws the contours of equal temperature and temperature differantial (ΔT) lines. The model has been succesfully used in Environmental Impact Assesment Studies of the two 500 MW power plants proposed at the east of Marmara Sea, Turkey.

Pretreatment requirements and status of industrial effluents in the greater Istanbul area

Evaluation of the industrial pretreatment plants in Istanbul Metropolitan area is presented. Out of 7899 industries located in Istanbul, 1420 of them require pretreatment to meet the discharge criteria. Currently, there are 532 pretreatment works which treat 82.6 percent of the industrial wastewaters. Discharge standards and the compliance monitoring system for the industrial wastewater discharges into the public sewers as applied by the Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration are discussed. The performance data of the pretreatment plants are given based on the percent non-compliance and percent removal efficiency figures determined for different categories of industry. Problem areas in terms of industrial sector and in terms of quality parameters are identified.

Ozonation in direct filtration

Abstract The effects of pre-ozonation on the effluent quality and the head losses through a deep filter were investigated using two identical deep bed filters receiving the same raw water. One of the influents to the filters was pre-ozonated and the other was aerated using identical contact chambers and diffusers. It was observed that the pre-ozonated filter resulted in significantly better effluent quality. It was found that the delay time after the pre-ozonation process has an important effect in direct filtration. The shorter the delay time, the less is the head loss and the better is the effluent quality. Indices that calculate Specific Energy (cm of head required per gram of solids captured) in deep bed filters were developed. The Filterability Index given in the literature and the Specific Energy values were used to compare the performance of the two identical filters receiving the same raw water. It was shown that the pre-ozonated water required on average 1.1 times more specific energy compared to the same aerated water and the experiments with short ozone delay times had on average 4.9 times less specific energy compared to the long delay experiments.

Marine outfall alternative to solve the color problems of pulp and paper industry effluents

In this paper, elimination of color from the effluents of the secondary stage biological treatment plant of an integrated pulp and paper mill located at a tourism resort was investigated by using a marine outfall system. The investigated mill has a full-scale aerated lagoon system treating effluents from a chemical pre-treatment plant. The colored effluents from the treatment plant have been discharged to a river ending in the Mediterranean and this has resulted in deterioration of the natural appearance of the coastal waters used for recreational purposes. In this study, a marine outfall system with a diameter of 1200 mm and a multiport diffuser of 290 m were planned to eliminate the color problem from the lagoon effluents. The required initial dilution to reduce the color to unnoticeable levels in the marine environment was determined 70 by laboratory-scale dilution experiments. In addition to these investigations, long-term full scale treatment results of the related industry are presented. Oceanographic studies and water quality measurements were performed to evaluate the effects of effluents from the industry on the marine environment. Bioassay tests were also conducted to assess the toxic impacts of the secondary treatment effluents on the macro fauna using Lapistes retucularis as a test species. Considering these findings, a marine outfall system was designed. The designed marine outfall system is currently under construction.

Drainage water reuse or disposal, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Abstract The groundwater table in four districts of Jeddah city in Saudi Arabia is to be lowered by installing a sub-surface drainage system. In connection with the drainage studies, the suitability of the drainage water to irrigate recreational areas within the City was evaluated. If reuse was not feasible, the pollution potential of the drainage water for discharge to the coastal waters had to be determined. Quality of the sub-surface waters in the areas to be drained was characterized as follows: Physical parameters (temperature and turbidity); chemical parameters (pH, total dissolved solids, salinity, conductivity, ammonia nitrogen, chemical oxygen demand, and the major cations of calcium (Ca++), magnesium (Mg++), potassium (K+) and sodium (Na+) and anions of sulphate (SO4−−) chloride (Cl−), bicarbonate (HCO3−) and nitrate (NO3−); and, bacteriological parameter (fecal coliforms). Samples were collected from 31 shallow (3–5m) and from 4 deep observation wells (40–86 m). The study showed that the quality of the drainage water was highly saline and was not suitable for irrigation. However, the quality satisfied the standards of the Meteorology and Environmental Protection Agency for discharge to the Red Sea.