Hashim Muhammad Hanif

Perceptual and anatomic patterns of selective deficits in facial identity and expression processing

Whether a single perceptual process or separate and possibly independent processes support facial identity and expression recognition is unclear. We used a morphed-face discrimination test to examine sensitivity to facial expression and identity information in patients with occipital or temporal lobe damage, and structural and functional MRI to correlate behavioral deficits with damage to the core regions of the face-processing network. We found selective impairments of identity perception in two patients with right inferotemporal lesions and two prosopagnosic patients with damage limited to the anterior temporal lobes. Of these four patients one exhibited damage to the right fusiform and occipital face areas, while the remaining three showed sparing of these regions. Thus impaired identity perception can occur with damage not only to the fusiform and occipital face areas, but also to other medial occipitotemporal structures that likely form part of a face recognition network. Impaired expression perception was seen in the fifth patient with damage affecting the face-related portion of the posterior superior temporal sulcus. This subject also had difficulty in discriminating identity when irrelevant variations in expression needed to be discounted. These neuropsychological and neuroimaging data provide evidence to complement models which address the separation of expression and identity perception within the face-processing network.

Major thoracic vessels and cardiac trauma: case series from a center in a developing country

BACKGROUND Seventy-five percent of all trauma-related deaths are related to thoracic trauma. Very few penetrating cardiac trauma patients arrive to the hospital alive. Due to its high prevalence, an understanding of the pathogenesis, manifestations and management of cardiac trauma by the medical personnel is becoming increasingly important. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the files of 169 patients with a preoperative diagnosis of vascular injury who underwent management at the Aga Khan University Hospital from 2001 to 2006. Of these patients, 13 had cardiovascular and cardiac injuries. RESULTS 23% (n=3) had cardiac injuries; 2 had right ventricle injuries and 1 had injury to both ventricles. Great vessel injuries included: pulmonary artery (n=2), inferior vena cava (n=1), left carotid artery (n=1), left subclavian artery (n=2), and right subclavian artery (n=3). 53.8% of the patients suffered from postoperative complications. The overall mortality of patients with major thoracic vessel and cardiac trauma was found to be 15.4%. CONCLUSION We believe that, in the past, the inevitable delay in diagnosis led to unsuccessful thoracotomies, late transfers to the operating room and physiological deterioration of the patient. As the incidence of trauma is increasing worldwide, it is essential for surgeons to be prepared to handle cardiovascular and cardiac trauma injuries immediately, as delay can adversely affect the outcome in terms of both morbidity and mortality. All patients presenting with trauma to the chest should be assessed with a high index of suspicion for major cardiovascular injuries. Early diagnosis, prompt transfer to the operating room and speedy and perfect surgery influence a favorable outcome.

Effect of steroids on inflammatory markers and clinical parameters in congenital open heart surgery: a randomised controlled trial

BACKGROUND Cardiopulmonary bypass is associated with systemic inflammatory response. Steroids suppress this response, although the therapeutic evidence remains controversial. We hypothesised that intravenous steroids in children undergoing open-heart surgery would decrease inflammation leading to better early post-operative outcomes. We conducted a randomised controlled trial to evaluate the trends in the levels of immunomodulators and their effects on clinical parameters. OBJECTIVE To assess the effects of intravenous steroids on early post-operative inflammatory markers and clinical parameters in children undergoing open-heart surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS A randomised controlled trial involving 152 patients, from one month up to 18 years of age, who underwent open-heart surgery for congenital heart disease from April 2010-2012 was carried out. Patients were randomised and administered either three scheduled intravenous pulse doses of dexamethasone (1 mg/kg) or placebo. Blood samples were drawn at four time intervals and serum levels of inflammatory cytokines - Interleukin-6, 8, 10, 18, and tumour necrosis factor-alpha - were measured. Clinical parameters were also assessed. RESULTS Blood cytokine levels were compared between the dexamethasone (n=65) and placebo (n=64) groups. Interleukin-6 levels were lower at 6 and 24 hours post-operatively (p<0.001), and Interleukin-10 levels were higher 6 hours post-operatively (p<0.001) in the steroid group. Interleukin-8, 18, and tumour necrosis factor-alpha levels did not differ between the groups at any time intervals. The clinical parameters were similar in both the groups. CONCLUSION Dexamethasone caused quantitative suppression of Interleukin-6 and increased Interleukin-10 activation, contributing to reduced immunopathology, but it did not translate into clinical benefit in the short term.

Secondary prevention of heart disease - knowledge among cardiologists and Ω-3 (Omega-3) fatty acid prescribing behaviors in Karachi, Pakistan

BackgroundThe use of omega-3 fatty acids is a currently proven strategy for secondary prevention of heart disease. The prescription practices for this important nutraceutical is not currently known. It is imperative to assess the knowledge of cardiologists regarding the benefits of omega-3 fatty acids and to determine the frequency of its prescription. The aim of the study was to determine the practices and associations of dietary fish prescribing among cardiologists of Karachi and to assess their knowledge of fish oil supplementation and attitudes toward dietary practices.MethodsA cross sectional survey was conducted during the period of January to March, 2008. A self report questionnaire was employed. All practicing cardiologists of Karachi were included in the study. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the independent factors associated with high fish prescribers.ResultsThe sample comprised of a total of 163 cardiologists practicing in Karachi, Pakistan. Most (73.6%) of the cardiologists fell in the age range of 28 – 45 years and were male (90.8%). High fish prescribers only comprised 36.2% of the respondents. After adjusting for age and gender, multivariate analysis revealed that only the variable of knowledge about fish oils role in reducing sudden cardiac death was independently associated with high fish prescribers OR = 6.38 [95% CI 2.58–15.78].ConclusionThe level of knowledge about the benefits of omega-3 fatty acids is high and the cardiologists harbor a favorable attitude towards dispensing dietary fish advice. However, the prescription practices are less than optimal and not concordant with recommendations of organisations such as the American Heart Association and National Heart Foundation of Australia. The knowledge of prevention of sudden cardiac death in CVD patients has been identified as an important predictor of high fish prescription. This particular life-saving property of omega-3 fatty acids should be the focus of any implemented educational strategy targeted to improve secondary CVD prevention via omega-3 fatty acid supplementation.

Giant pseudoaneurysm of the aortic arch and successful surgical repair.

A 50-year-old woman presented with fever, cough, shortness of breath, and left-sided chest pain. Computed tomography with contrast showed a pseudoaneurysm occupying the upper half of the left hemithorax. Surgical repair with a Dacron patch was performed after considering the risk of pseudoaneurysmal rupture.

Synovial sarcoma of the lung presenting late with compression of mediastinal structures and its successful resection: A case report

Synovial sarcoma accounts for 5-14% of all soft tissue tumours. We present a case of 35 year-old male who presented with five months history of progressively increasing shortness of breath and cough. On evaluation, there was no air entry on the left side. CAT scan chest showed a large necrotic mass involving the entire left hemi-thorax. The tru-cut biopsy of this mass was done and it showed synovial sarcoma. The entire tumour along with the lung and the pericardium was removed completely. The patient had an uneventful recovery and was discharged home in 10 days with follow-up for adjuvant chemotherapy. Due to the rarity of this disease, no guidelines for the treatment are available. Main existing treatment includes surgery followed by either radiation, chemotherapy or both. Synovial sarcoma should be considered in the differentials of an adolescent or adult male patient presenting with a mass in the thorax.