Hatice Ardag Akdogan

Biodegradation of Direct Blue 15 by free and immobilized Trametes versicolor.

To investigate biodegradability by Trametes versicolor, five structurally different direct azo-dyes--Direct Black 38, Direct Blue 15 (DB 15), Direct Orange 26, Direct Green 6, and Direct Yellow 12--were studied. The DB 15 was determined as the best biodegradable dye by this white-rot fungus. Laccase and manganese peroxidase activities were monitored with the biodegradation process; it was observed that laccase played an important role in the dye degradation, while manganese peroxidase activity could not be detected. Possible degradation products also were examined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, but no metabolite was detected after the degradation and/or decolorization process. To enhance performance of the fungi during the degradation, Trametes versicolor cells were immobilized in alginate beads. Then, DB 15 decolorization by immobilized Trametes versicolor was studied in a small-scale packed-bed reactor. The color removal efficiency in repeated batches was found to be 98 and 93% for 50 mg/L DB 15.

Comparison of Remazol Brillant Blue Removal from Wastewater by Two Different Organisms and Analysis of Metabolites by GC/MS.

White rot fungus participates in biological degradation of many organic environmental pollutants. Also, white rot fungus contains a variety of extracellular enzymes, and these enzymes are used for biological degradation of organic matter. We investigated the biological treatment of synthetic dyes, at a low cost and in the shortest possible time, that are used especially in the dye and textile industries and are important polluting agents in the wastewater discharged into the environment by these industries. For this purpose, removal of Remazol Brillant Blue by Pleurotus ostreatus and Coprinus plicatilis was studied. This dye was removed 100% (dye concentration, 10.0 mg/L) by both organisms. Laccase and manganese peroxidase enzyme activities were also monitored. There was an attempt to identify metabolites via GC/MS at the end of the decolorization. No detectable metabolite was found.

Decolorization of Turquoise Blue HFG by Coprinus plicatilis for Water Bioremediation

ABSTRACT Synthetic dyes are extensively used in textile dyeing, paper printing, color photography, and the pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic, and leather industries. Most synthetic dyes are toxic and highly resistant to removal due to their complex chemical structures. There is a need for investigation of the biological treatment of synthetic dyes at a low cost and in the shortest possible time; synthetic dyes are used especially in the dye and textile industries and are an important polluting agent in the wastewater dumped into the environment by these industries. White rot fungus contains a variety of extracellular enzymes, and these enzymes are used for biological degradation of organic matter. The aim of the present work is to evaluate removal of the textile dye Turquoise Blue HFG by Coprinus plicatilis. Coprinus plicatilis was able to enzymatically decolorize 100% of the dye (dye concentration 10.0 and 25.0 mg L−1). Ultraviolet–visible (UV-vis) spectrophotometric analyses, before and after decolorization, suggest that decolorization was due to biodegradation. There was an attempt to identify metabolites with Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) at the end of the decolorization process. These results indicate that the samples did not include any detectable metabolite. Therefore, this fungus can be used as an economical and eco-friendly tool to minimize the pollution by industries to a significant extent.

Comparative studies of Remazol Brillant Blue removal by immobilized organisms; investigation of metabolites by GC/MS and FTIR spectrometry.

Reactive dyes are important chemical pollutants from textile industries. Treatment of effluents from dye-based industries poses a major problem, and biotreatment with white rot fungi seems to be a viable option. The biological treatment of synthetic dyes at a low cost and in the shortest possible time is used especially in dye and textile industries and leads to pollution in the wastewater dumped into the environment by these industries. For this study, decolorization of the recalcitrant dye Remazol Brilliant Blue R by immobilized Pleurotus ostreatus and Coprinus plicatilis was investigated. This dye was removed 100% (dye concentration: 10.0 mg/L) by both immobilized organisms. Extracellular ligninolytic enzyme activities were also measured during the decolorization. There was an attempt to identify metabolites with FTIR spectrometry and GC/MS at the end of the decolorization. These results indicated that the samples did not include any detectable metabolite.

Nar Sosunda Kromatografik Yöntemle Bazı Polisiklik Aromatik Hidrokarbonların Analizi

Polisiklik aromatik hidrokarbonlar (PAH), insanlar ve hayvanlar icin son derece toksik ozellikte ve kanserojendir. Bu baglamda guvenli gida uretimi acisindan, uretimi yapilan ticari nar soslarinda bu bilesiklerin olusumu ve duzeyleri onemli bir konudur. Bu calismada Turkiye’de satisa sunulan sekiz farkli nar sosu kullanilmistir. Yuksek Performansli Sivi kromatografi-UV detektor (HPLC-UV) ile on uc tane PAH analizi yapilmistir. Sekiz farkli nar sosu ornegi icin basit, hassas ve maliyeti dusuk bir kati faz ekstraksiyonu (SPE) teknigi kullanilarak, PAH’larin on deristirilmesi gerceklestirilmistir. Nar sosu numunelerinin optimum SPE kosullarinda elde edilen ekstraktlari, daha sonra ters fazli HPLC-UV dedektoru ile analiz edilmistir. Veriler degerlendirildiginde, toplam PAH miktarlari 1.5 mg/L ile 16.6 mg/L arasinda degistigi tespit edildi.

Decolorization of the mixed dyes by immobilized white-rot fungi

Objectives: Bisphenol A (BP-A) is an essential component of polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, phthalates and polycarbonate plastics linked by ester bonds, and it can leach out of plastics at high temperature, acid and basic medium. BP-A is known to have an endocrine disrupting effect and recent studies have started to link its levels as causative factors in many diseases such as diabetes, obesity, and other endocrine diseases. Kuwait is considered one of the hottest countries in the world, and measurements of BP-A levels due to leakage from plastics have never been reported from this Middle-Eastern country. This study measures the levels of BP-A in four randomly selected plastic toys and two plastic water bottles from two different companies after storage at 45 °C for four days. Methods: An ultra-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with an ultraviolet detector (UPLC-UV) analytical method was established to investigate BP-A levels in four of randomly chosen plastic toys (plastic tiger-plastic Lego blocks-plastic doll-small dolls) stored at 45 °C for 4 days. BP-A was extracted with 1 L of water and samples were analyzed by UPLC-UV. Results: The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) of the established analytical method were equal to 0.4 ppb and 1 ppb, respectively. The analytical method was able to measure accurately and precisely traces of BP-A in all randomly selected toys. BP-A levels was239 ppb in plastic tiger, 30 ppb in plastic Lego, 4 ppb in plastic doll, 3 ppb in small dolls and 59 ppb in drinking bottled water. Conclusion: The importance of BP-A level in plastics analysis raised due to its health concerns. Heat is a major factor for bisphenol leakage from plastics. However, Kuwait is considered one of the hottest countries, where high level leakage of BP-A from plastic toys and plastic water bottles for drinking water could pose significant health risks. Surprisingly, BP-A was detected in all randomly selected plastic toys and one out of two randomly selected polyethylene terephthalate (PET) drinking bottled water. Therefore, imported mineral water should be filled in a glass container rather than plastics due to high climate temperature. Moreover, Toys manufacturers should use BP-A free plastics or clearly specify storage conditions of their plastic products in order to prevent potential health risks resulting from BP-A leakage.A selective and sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method (LC-MS/MS) has been developed for determination of Hypophyllanthin (HPT) and Silibinin (SBN) in human plasma. Sertraline hydrochloride was used as the internal standard (IS). Sample preparation involved liquid–liquid extraction by tert butyl metyl ether. Chromatographic separation was carried out on a C8 column (3 μm, 3.0 x 50.0 mm) with isocratic elution using a mobile phase of water:acetonitrile (10:90 v/v) at a flow rate of 0.6 mL/min. The detection was performed by tandem mass spectrometry with multiple reactions monitoring mode via electrospray ionization source in positive ionization mode. Analysis was carried out within 2.0 min over a linear concentration range of 1.00 -1000 and 1.00 – 500 ng/mL for HPT and SBN, respectively, and the LLOQ was 1 ng/ml for both compounds. The method was validated according to FDA guidelines for bioanalytical method validation and satisfactory results were obtained. This validated method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study enrolling 20 male volunteers administered a single oral dose of Heptex vegetable capsules.F lung maturity is estimated using the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio (L/S ratio) in amniotic fluid and it is commonly measured with thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The TLC method is time consuming and technically difficult; however, it is widely used because there is no alternative. We evaluated a novel method for measuring the L/S ratio, which involves a tip-column with a cation-exchange resin and mass spectrometry. Phospholipids in the amniotic fluid were extracted using methanol and chloroform. Choline-containing phospholipids such as lecithin and sphingomyelin were purified by passing them through the tip-column. LC-MS/MS and MALDI-TOF were used to directly analyze the purified samples. The L/S ratio by mass spectrometry was calculated from the sum peak intensity of the six lecithin, and that of sphingomyelin 34:1. In 20 samples, the L/S ratio determined with TLC was significantly correlated with that obtained by LC-MS/MS and MALDI-TOF. There was a 100% concordance between the L/S ratio by TLC and that by LC-MS/MS (kappa value=1.0). The concordance between the L/S ratio by TLC and that by MALDI-TOF was also 100% (kappa value=1.0). Our method provides a faster, simpler, and more reliable assessment of fetal lung maturity. The L/S ratio measured by LC-MS/MS and MALDI-TOF offers a compelling alternative method to traditional TLC.

Immobilization of Coprinus plicatilis onto different carriers

Objectives: Bisphenol A (BP-A) is an essential component of polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, phthalates and polycarbonate plastics linked by ester bonds, and it can leach out of plastics at high temperature, acid and basic medium. BP-A is known to have an endocrine disrupting effect and recent studies have started to link its levels as causative factors in many diseases such as diabetes, obesity, and other endocrine diseases. Kuwait is considered one of the hottest countries in the world, and measurements of BP-A levels due to leakage from plastics have never been reported from this Middle-Eastern country. This study measures the levels of BP-A in four randomly selected plastic toys and two plastic water bottles from two different companies after storage at 45 °C for four days. Methods: An ultra-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with an ultraviolet detector (UPLC-UV) analytical method was established to investigate BP-A levels in four of randomly chosen plastic toys (plastic tiger-plastic Lego blocks-plastic doll-small dolls) stored at 45 °C for 4 days. BP-A was extracted with 1 L of water and samples were analyzed by UPLC-UV. Results: The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) of the established analytical method were equal to 0.4 ppb and 1 ppb, respectively. The analytical method was able to measure accurately and precisely traces of BP-A in all randomly selected toys. BP-A levels was239 ppb in plastic tiger, 30 ppb in plastic Lego, 4 ppb in plastic doll, 3 ppb in small dolls and 59 ppb in drinking bottled water. Conclusion: The importance of BP-A level in plastics analysis raised due to its health concerns. Heat is a major factor for bisphenol leakage from plastics. However, Kuwait is considered one of the hottest countries, where high level leakage of BP-A from plastic toys and plastic water bottles for drinking water could pose significant health risks. Surprisingly, BP-A was detected in all randomly selected plastic toys and one out of two randomly selected polyethylene terephthalate (PET) drinking bottled water. Therefore, imported mineral water should be filled in a glass container rather than plastics due to high climate temperature. Moreover, Toys manufacturers should use BP-A free plastics or clearly specify storage conditions of their plastic products in order to prevent potential health risks resulting from BP-A leakage.A selective and sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method (LC-MS/MS) has been developed for determination of Hypophyllanthin (HPT) and Silibinin (SBN) in human plasma. Sertraline hydrochloride was used as the internal standard (IS). Sample preparation involved liquid–liquid extraction by tert butyl metyl ether. Chromatographic separation was carried out on a C8 column (3 μm, 3.0 x 50.0 mm) with isocratic elution using a mobile phase of water:acetonitrile (10:90 v/v) at a flow rate of 0.6 mL/min. The detection was performed by tandem mass spectrometry with multiple reactions monitoring mode via electrospray ionization source in positive ionization mode. Analysis was carried out within 2.0 min over a linear concentration range of 1.00 -1000 and 1.00 – 500 ng/mL for HPT and SBN, respectively, and the LLOQ was 1 ng/ml for both compounds. The method was validated according to FDA guidelines for bioanalytical method validation and satisfactory results were obtained. This validated method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study enrolling 20 male volunteers administered a single oral dose of Heptex vegetable capsules.F lung maturity is estimated using the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio (L/S ratio) in amniotic fluid and it is commonly measured with thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The TLC method is time consuming and technically difficult; however, it is widely used because there is no alternative. We evaluated a novel method for measuring the L/S ratio, which involves a tip-column with a cation-exchange resin and mass spectrometry. Phospholipids in the amniotic fluid were extracted using methanol and chloroform. Choline-containing phospholipids such as lecithin and sphingomyelin were purified by passing them through the tip-column. LC-MS/MS and MALDI-TOF were used to directly analyze the purified samples. The L/S ratio by mass spectrometry was calculated from the sum peak intensity of the six lecithin, and that of sphingomyelin 34:1. In 20 samples, the L/S ratio determined with TLC was significantly correlated with that obtained by LC-MS/MS and MALDI-TOF. There was a 100% concordance between the L/S ratio by TLC and that by LC-MS/MS (kappa value=1.0). The concordance between the L/S ratio by TLC and that by MALDI-TOF was also 100% (kappa value=1.0). Our method provides a faster, simpler, and more reliable assessment of fetal lung maturity. The L/S ratio measured by LC-MS/MS and MALDI-TOF offers a compelling alternative method to traditional TLC.

Immobilization of Lycinibacillus fusiformis B26 cells in different matrices for use in turquoise blue HFG decolourization

Abstract The decolourization of Turquoise Blue HFG by immobilized cells of Lysinibacillus fusiformis B26 was investigated. Cells of L. fusiformis B26 were immobilized by entrapment in agar and calcium alginate matrices and attached in pumice particles. The effects of operational conditions (e.g., agar concentrations, cell concentrations, temperature, and inoculum amount) on microbial decolourization by immobilized cells were investigated. The results revealed that alginate was proven to be the best as exhibiting maximum decolourization (69.62%), followed by agar (55.55%) at 40°C. Pumice particles were the poorest. Optimum conditions for agar matrix were found: concentration was 3%, cell amount was 0.5 g and temperature was 40°C (55.55%). Ca-alginate beads were loaded with 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g of wet cell pellets and the highest colour removal activity was observed with 2.0 g of cell pellet at 40°C for alginate beads. Also, 0.5 and 1.0 g of pumice particles that were loaded with 0.25 and 0.5 g of cell pellets respectively were used and the results were found very similar to each other.

Immobilized Coprinus plicatilis Biodegradation of Fluorene in Two Different Packed-Bed Reactors.

The biodegradation of fluorene by immobilized Coprinus plicatilis was studied in pinewood and foam glass bead-packed reactors. The reactors were operated in a sequencing batch system. Removal efficiency increased over time and elevated influent fluorene concentration (85 mg/L) was removed 100% in 24-30 h batch cycles. Increased laccase activity was detected with the introduction of the compounds, and optimum activity corresponded to optimum removal periods. Significantly higher laccase activity (16.7-19 U/L) was detected in the glass bead-packed reactor compared to the pinewood-packed reactor (0.2-5 U/L). The presence of Mn2+ ions in the wood material possibly caused elevated manganese peroxidase activity (0.3-5.8 U/L) compared to low to negligible activity in the glass bead reactor. Reactor performances are discussed in relation to sequencing batch operation and nutrient requirements necessary to induce and sustain fungal enzyme activity in inert-like organic material packed systems. Biodegradation metabolites were detected in samples via GC/MS.

Removal of reactive orange 16 by immobilized Coprinus plicatilis in the batch shaking bioreactor

Coprinus plicatilis, white rot fungi, capable of removing Reactive Orange 16 (Remazol Brillant Orange 3R) was immobilized in calcium alginate gel beads and used for decolorization of RO16 in aqueous in the Batch Shaking Bioreactor. The optimum conditions for immobilization of the microorganism, such as alginate and calcium ion concentration, initial cell amout, hardening time and bead size, were determined with a view to improving the RO16 removal rate. The characteristics of RO16 decolorization by immobilized fungal cells were investigated. The repeated use of immobilized cells for RO16 decolorization was performed and the results revealed that the bioactivity of immobilized cells was stable over 120 hours in the repeated batch cultivation RO16 removal. At the end of decolorization process, the metabolites of the dye decolorization produced by immobilized C. plicatilis, were analyzed via GC-MS. It was concluded that the removal of the dye by immobilized C. plicatilis was achieved.