He Jiankun

How to Measure Carbon Equity: Carbon Gini Index Based on Historical Cumulative Emission Per Capita

This paper uses Lorenz Curve and Gini Index with adjustment to per capita historical cumulative emission and constructs Carbon Gini Index to measure inequality in climate change area. The analysis using Carbon Gini Index shows that 70% of carbon space in the atmosphere has been used for unequal distribution, which is almost the same as that of income in the country with the biggest gap between rich and poor in the world. The carbon equity should be an urgency and priority in the climate agenda. Carbon Gini Index established in this paper can be used to measure inequality in the distribution of carbon space and provide a quantified indicator for measurement of carbon equity among different proposals.

Carbon Productivity Analysis to Address Global Climate Change

Abstract Developing low-carbon economy and enhancing carbon productivity are basic approaches to coordinating economic development and protecting global environment, which are also the major ways to address climate change under the framework of sustainable development. In this paper, the authors analyze the annual rate of carbon productivity growth, the differences of carbon productivity of different countries, and the factors for enhancing carbon productivity. Consequently, the authors clarify their viewpoint that the annual rate of carbon productivity growth can be used to weigh the efforts that a country takes to address climate change, and propose policies and suggestions on promoting carbon production.

Renewable energy development and utilisation in China: opportunities and challenges

China is the largest developing country and the second largest energy-consuming and CO2-emitting country in the world. China has already regarded renewable energy development and utilisation as a critical element of their sustainable energy strategy. In this context, Chinas renewable energy development and utilisation will have important implications for the world energy market development and global environmental protection over the long term. This paper gives an overview of the context of Chinas renewable energy development and utilisation in terms of driving forces, current development and utilisation status, future targets, barriers and public policy.

The transfer of innovation capability from universities to enterprises in China: an institutional framework

We focus on issues concerning the transfer of innovative capability from universities to enterprises. First, this paper outlines a theoretical framework for the transfer of innovative capability; it then provides an institutional form of transferring innovation capability in terms of united institution of transfer (UIT). Furthermore, an empirical analysis of feasibility of transferring innovation capability in China is conducted based on knowledge production function. Finally, we conclude that institution collaboration in the context of UIT is a good way of transferring innovative capability from universities to enterprises in China.

Influences of Border Carbon Adjustments on China＇s Foreign Trade

Abstract The EU, the United States and other economies, with the intention to implement unilateral trade measures Border Carbon Adjustments, impose emission reduction pressure on developing countries. Once implemented, the measures will have great impact on China’s foreign trade. Using the input-output table in 2007, this paper had analyzed the influences on China’s foreign trade as a whole and sub-sectors in three tax rates scenarios. The results showed that the tariff level of China’s exports will increase by 3.6%–6.3% if the tax was levied on exports embodied emissions, and by 1.0%–1.7% if levied on export direct emissions. In 2007, the former total amount of carbon tax was about US

Scenario Analyses of Automotive Energy

42.6–73.0 billion, 4 times that of the latter. Based on export embodied emissions, sectors largely influenced were non-traditional energy intensive ones, such as textile, et al. These sectors should be encouraged to carry out industrial upgrading, raising the value-added of export goods, and reducing their embodied emissions by reduction of energy intensity. Taking into account of the complexity of data collection, the tax levied on products direct emission is more operational. The results showed that the five top sectors most affected were other chemical materials, processing of petroleum and nuclear fuel, coking, smelting and rolling of ferrous metal and textile. Most of them were energy intensive sectors. Therefore, adjusting export products structure, and controlling too fast development of energy intensive industries are also important strategies in China.

China’s Voluntary Mitigation Target and Road of Low-carbon Development

This chapter provides a further integrated analysis of these energy problems, introduces a comprehensive analytical framework and modeling tools, and focuses on an analysis and evaluation of several scenarios related to vehicle energy systems. The aim is to provide an understanding of the essential development of automotive energy in China as well as to offer a scientific, structured data basis for choice of technology and policy formulation regarding sustainable automotive energy.

Global Trend of Low-carbon Economy and China＇s Responses

Abstract China is going through a rapid development stage of industrialization and urbanization. Although tremendous achievements have been made in the aspects of energy conservation, improvement of energy effectiveness and development of new and renewable energies, because of the rapid development of economy, it is difficult to change the huge total amount and fast increase of CO2 emission in the near future. China has to confront the tough challenge to address global climate change. China plans to reduce carbon intensity, that is, CO2 emissions per unit GDP, by 40 to 45% by 2020 compared with the 2005 level. It is a strategic option to coordinate domestic sustainable development with coping with global climate change on the basis of China’s national circumstances, representing the core content and key measures for transforming development pattern and realizing low-carbon development. To achieve the target, more capital and technology inputs are required for energy conservation and low-carbon development during the twelfth and Thirteenth Five Year Plan period than in the Eleventh Five Year Plan period. In addition, energy conservation achieved by structural adjustment, industrial upgrading and product value–added improvement is also expected to play a greater role. Therefore, China should strengthen technological innovation, make greater efforts to transform the development pattern, take advantage of the synergistic effect of policies and measures while coping with global climate change and building a domestic tow– oriented society. China should also establish an industrial system characterized by low-carbon emission. Then China will ultimately achieve a win-win situation in both domestic sustainable development and coping with global climate change.

Offshore wind energy development in China: Current status and future perspective

Abstract Based on the analysis on the global economic crisis, climate change crisis and their mutual underlying reasons, the authors believe that low-carbon economy has become an inevitable choice to break through the dual crises, coordinate the economic development, and protect the global climate. The global trend of low-carbon economy finds expression in Green Recovery currently, while, in a long run, it will give rise to a new pattern of world competition in politics, economy, technology, trade and finance. The impact of the global trend of low-carbon economy on China can not be overlooked, and it is both a challenge and an opportunity for China’s future development. Based on comparative studies on the low-carbon economy of China, the U. S., EU and Japan, the authors conclude that China should blaze a new path of lowcarbon economy development with Chinese characteristics, and the authors have put forward relevant countermeasures for China to address the global trend of low-carbon economy from angles of countries, enterprises and the public