Heidi Mochari-Greenberger

Twelve-Year Follow-Up of American Women’s Awareness of Cardiovascular Disease Risk and Barriers to Heart Health

Background—Awareness of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk has been linked to taking preventive action in women. The purpose of this study was to assess contemporary awareness of CVD risk and barriers to prevention in a nationally representative sample of women and to evaluate trends since 1997 from similar triennial surveys. Methods and Results—A standardized survey about awareness of CVD risk was completed in 2009 by 1142 women ≥25 years of age, contacted through random digit dialing oversampled for racial/ethnic minorities, and by 1158 women contacted online. There was a significant increase in the proportion of women aware that CVD is the leading cause of death since 1997 (P for trend=<0.0001). Awareness among telephone participants was greater in 2009 compared with 1997 (54% versus 30%, P<0.0001) but not different from 2006 (57%). In multivariate analysis, African American and Hispanic women were significantly less aware than white women, although the gap has narrowed since 1997. Only 53% of women said they would call 9-1-1 if they thought they were having symptoms of a heart attack. The majority of women cited therapies to prevent CVD that are not evidence-based. Common barriers to prevention were family/caretaking responsibilities (51%) and confusion in the media (42%). Community-level changes women thought would be helpful were access to healthy foods (91%), public recreation facilities (80%), and nutrition information in restaurants (79%). Conclusions—Awareness of CVD as the leading cause of death among women has nearly doubled since 1997 but is stabilizing and continues to lag in racial/ethnic minorities. Numerous misperceptions and barriers to prevention persist and women strongly favored environmental approaches to facilitate preventive action.

Fifteen-year trends in awareness of heart disease in women: Results of a 2012 American Heart Association national survey

Background— The purpose of this study was to evaluate trends in awareness of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk among women between 1997 and 2012 by racial/ethnic and age groups, as well as knowledge of CVD symptoms and preventive behaviors/barriers. Methods and Results— A study of awareness of CVD was conducted by the American Heart Association in 2012 among US women >25 years of age identified through random-digit dialing (n=1205) and Harris Poll Online (n=1227), similar to prior American Heart Association national surveys. Standardized questions on awareness were given to all women; additional questions about preventive behaviors/barriers were given online. Data were weighted, and results were compared with triennial surveys since 1997. Between 1997 and 2012, the rate of awareness of CVD as the leading cause of death nearly doubled (56% versus 30%; P<0.001). The rate of awareness among black and Hispanic women in 2012 (36% and 34%, respectively) was similar to that of white women in 1997 (33%). In 1997, women were more likely to cite cancer than CVD as the leading killer (35% versus 30%), but in 2012, the trend reversed (24% versus 56%). Awareness of atypical symptoms of CVD has improved since 1997 but remains low. The most common reasons why women took preventive action were to improve health and to feel better, not to live longer. Conclusions— Awareness of CVD among women has improved in the past 15 years, but a significant racial/ethnic minority gap persists. Continued effort is needed to reach at-risk populations. These data should inform public health campaigns to focus on evidenced-based strategies to prevent CVD and to help target messages that resonate and motivate women to take action.

Knowledge, Preventive Action, and Barriers to Cardiovascular Disease Prevention by Race and Ethnicity in Women: An American Heart Association National Survey

BACKGROUND Racial and ethnic disparities in cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes and risk factors are well documented, but few data have evaluated population differences in CVD knowledge, preventive action, and barriers to prevention. METHODS A nationally representative sample of 1008 women (17% Hispanic, 22% black, 61% white/other) selected through random digit dialing were given a standardized questionnaire about knowledge of healthy risk factor levels, recent preventive actions, and barriers to prevention. Analysis focused on predictors of knowledge and preventive action in the past year and proportion reporting select barriers to prevention. Logistic regression was used to determine if race/ethnicity was independently associated with knowledge and preventive action after adjustment. RESULTS No racial/ethnic differences in risk factor knowledge were identified except Hispanic women were 44% less likely than white/others to know the optimal high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level (odds ratio [OR] 0.56,95% confidence interval [CI] 0.35-0.91). Knowledge of blood pressure goal was lower among those with less than a college education (OR 0.59,95% CI 0.44-0.79). Hispanics were twice as likely as white/others to help someone else lose weight (OR 1.78,95% CI 1.17-2.71) or add physical activity (OR 1.95,95% CI 1.18-3.22) in the past year. Blacks were more likely than whites/others to report decreased unhealthy food consumption (OR 1.77,95% CI 1.08-2.93), trying to lose weight (OR 1.62,95% CI 1.06-2.47), and taking action when they experienced CVD symptoms (30% vs. 23%,p = 0.03). Physician encouragement was cited as the reason for taking preventive action more often by black (59%,p = 0.002) and Hispanic (54%,p = 0.03) women than whites/others (43%). CONCLUSIONS Continued initiatives to improve and translate knowledge into preventive action are needed, especially among less educated and Hispanic women who may activate others to reduce risk.

National Women’s Knowledge of Stroke Warning Signs, Overall and by Race/Ethnic Group

Background and Purpose— Recognition of stroke warning signs may reduce treatment delays. The purpose of this study was to evaluate contemporary knowledge of stroke warning signs and knowledge to call 9-1-1, among a nationally representative sample of women, overall and by race/ethnic group. Methods— A study of cardiovascular disease awareness was conducted by the American Heart Association in 2012 among English-speaking US women ≥25 years identified through random-digit dialing (n=1205; 54% white, 17% black, 17% Hispanic, and 12% other). Knowledge of stroke warning signs, and what to do first if experiencing stroke warning signs, was assessed by standardized open-ended questions. Results— Half of women surveyed (51%) identified sudden weakness/numbness of face/limb on one side as a stroke warning sign; this did not vary by race/ethnic group. Loss of/trouble talking/understanding speech was identified by 44% of women, more frequently among white versus Hispanic women (48% versus 36%; P<0.05). Fewer than 1 in 4 women identified sudden severe headache (23%), unexplained dizziness (20%), or sudden dimness/loss of vision (18%) as warning signs, and 1 in 5 (20%) did not know 1 stroke warning sign. The majority of women said that they would call 9-1-1 first if they thought they were experiencing signs of a stroke (84%), and this did not vary among black (86%), Hispanic (79%), or white/other (85%) women. Conclusions— Knowledge of stroke warning signs was low among a nationally representative sample of women, especially among Hispanics. In contrast, knowledge to call 9-1-1 when experiencing signs of stroke was high.

Patterns of caregiving among patients hospitalized with cardiovascular disease.

Background and Objectives:Cardiac caregivers may represent a novel low-cost strategy to improve patient adherence to medical follow-up and guidelines and, ultimately, patient outcomes. Prior work on caregiving has been conducted primarily in mental health and cancer research; few data have systematically evaluated caregivers of cardiac patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the patterns of caregiving and characteristics of caregivers among hospitalized patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) to assess disparities in caregiver burden and to determine the potential for caregivers to impact clinical outcomes. Subjects and Methods:Consecutive patients admitted to the cardiovascular service line at a university medical center during an 11-month period were included in the Family Cardiac Caregiver Investigation To Evaluate Outcomes (FIT-O) study. Patients (n = 4500; 59% white, 62% male, 93% participation rate) completed a standardized interviewer-assisted questionnaire in English or Spanish regarding assistance with medical care, daily activities, and medications in the past year and plans for posthospitalization. In univariate and multiple variable analyses, caregivers were categorized as either paid/professional (eg, nurse/home aide) or nonpaid (eg, family member/friend). Results and Conclusions:Among CVD patients, 13% planned to have a paid caregiver and 51% a nonpaid caregiver at discharge. Planned paid caregiving was more prevalent among racial/ethnic minority versus white patients (odds ratio, 1.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-1.8); planned nonpaid caregiving prevalence did not differ by race/ethnicity. Most nonpaid caregivers were female (78%). Patients who had nonpaid caregivers in the year prior to hospitalization (28%) reported grocery shopping/meal preparation (32%), transport to/arranging doctor visits (30%), and medication adherence/medical needs (25%) as top tasks caregivers assisted with. Following hospitalization, a majority of patients expect nonpaid caregivers, primarily women, to assist with tasks that have the potential to improve CVD outcomes such as medical follow-up, medication adherence, and nutrition, suggesting that these are important targets for caregiver education.

Racial/Ethnic and Age Differences in Women's Awareness of Heart Disease

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to examine differences in awareness of heart disease among women according to race/ethnicity by age group, adjusted for confounders. METHODS American Heart Association (AHA) National Surveys conducted in 2006 (n=1005) and 2009 (n=1142) were pooled using common variables (n=2147) and reweighted to reflect the 2010 United States Census. Surveys comprised standardized, interviewer-assisted demographic and awareness questions. Associations between racial/ethnic group and heart disease awareness stratified by age were assessed by weighted chi-square statistics; logistic regression was used for multivariable adjustment. RESULTS Black and Hispanic women were 66% less likely than white women to be aware that heart disease is the leading cause of death in women (odds ratio [OR] 0.34, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.23-0.50) after multivariable adjustment for significant confounders. The percent aware among white women was 65%; awareness did not differ between black and Hispanic women (37% vs. 38%). Other significant multivariable predictors included <high school education (OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.22-0.62) and income <

Does Stage of Change Modify the Effectiveness of an Educational Intervention to Improve Diet among Family Members of Hospitalized Cardiovascular Disease Patients

35,000/year (OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.41-0.77). Younger women (age<55 years) were less likely to be aware that heart disease is the leading cause of death in women (OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.50-0.87) and were less likely to report being very well/well informed about heart disease (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.41-0.68) compared to older women (age≥55 years). Awareness of heart attack signs, such as shortness of breath (34%), nausea (15%), and fatigue (7%), was low among all women. CONCLUSIONS Racial/ethnic minority status and age<55 years were significant risk factors for lower heart disease awareness among women, suggesting these groups should be targeted for educational programs. Awareness of heart attack signs was low among all subgroups of women.

Racial and Ethnic Differences in Statin Prescription and Clinical Outcomes Among Hospitalized Patients With Coronary Heart Disease

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether effectiveness of a special intervention to improve diet vs a control intervention differs by readiness to reduce dietary saturated fat based on the Transtheoretical Model Stages of Change among family members of hospitalized cardiovascular disease patients. DESIGN Stages of change (ie, precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance) were assessed by standardized questionnaire. Diet was measured by Block 98 Food Frequency Questionnaire at baseline and 1 year in participants in the Family Intervention Trial for Heart Health (n=501; 36% racial/ethnic minorities; 66% female). Therapeutic Lifestyle Change diet education was provided to each special intervention subject tailored to baseline stage of change. STATISTICAL ANALYSES Multivariable linear regression was used to examine whether the effect of the intervention was modified by stage of change. RESULTS Baseline saturated fat and cholesterol intakes were lower among those in maintenance stage vs others (9.9% vs 11.2% kcal; P<0.0001 and 112.2 vs 129.7 mg/1,000 kcal; P=0.0003, respectively). Overall, change in the percentage of calories from saturated fat from baseline to 1 year was -0.7 in the special intervention vs -0.4 in the control intervention (P=0.18). Among participants in contemplation, greater reductions in saturated fat (-2.1% vs +0.3% kcal; P=0.04) and cholesterol (-34.0 vs +32.6 mg/1,000 kcal; P=0.01) were seen in the special intervention vs control intervention. The special intervention was more likely than control intervention to achieve new adherence to a diet of <10% saturated fat/<300 mg cholesterol at 1 year among those not in maintenance stage (30% vs 15%; P=0.03). Control intervention participants were more likely than special intervention to revert to lower levels on the stage of change continuum from baseline to 1 year (17% vs 7%; P=0.002). CONCLUSION Effectiveness of an intervention to lower saturated fat varies by baseline stage of change among family members of hospitalized cardiovascular patients. This can be important to consider when designing research or clinical diet interventions.

Caregiver Burden and Nonachievement of Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors among Family Caregivers of Cardiovascular Disease Patients

We aimed to evaluate the association among race and ethnicity, statin prescription, and clinical outcomes among hospitalized patients with coronary heart disease (CHD), adjusted for confounders. Racial and ethnic disparities in CHD outcomes may be related to differential uptake of preventive medications, but data from real-world settings are limited. This was a 1-year prospective study of patients with preexisting CHD without a documented contraindication to statin (n = 3,067, 35% black or Hispanic, 65% white or Asian, 35% women) who participated in an National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute clinical outcome study of patients admitted to a cardiovascular service. Baseline clinical and medication data and 30-day and 1-year outcomes (death or rehospitalization) were documented by electronic medical record, National Death Index, and/or standardized mail survey. Logistic regression was used to evaluate associations among race and ethnicity, statin prescription, and outcomes adjusted for demographics and co-morbidities. Black and Hispanic patients were more likely to be dead or rehospitalized at 1 year (odds ratio [OR] 1.23, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06 to 1.43) and less likely to report statin use before admission (62% vs 72%, adjusted OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.54 to 0.76) than whites and Asians; statin prescription was similar at discharge among blacks and Hispanics (81%) versus whites and Asians (84%). Black and Hispanic patients were more likely to have hypertension, diabetes, or renal failure and less likely to have health insurance than whites and Asians (p <0.05). The increased 1-year odds of death or rehospitalization in minorities versus whites and Asians were explained by demographics and co-morbidities not by differential statin prescription (adjusted OR 1.10, 95% CI 0.93 to 1.30). In conclusion, in this study of hospitalized patients with preexisting CHD, differential statin prescription did not explain racial and ethnic disparities in 1-year outcomes. Efforts to reduce CHD rehospitalizations should consider the greater burden of co-morbidities among racial and ethnic minorities.

Association Between Having a Caregiver and Clinical Outcomes 1 Year After Hospitalization for Cardiovascular Disease

Purpose. To determine whether caregiver burdens are associated with lifestyle behaviors 1 year following the hospitalization of a family member with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Design. Prospective follow-up study of National Heart Lung and Blood Institute sponsored Family Intervention Trial for Heart Health participants. Setting. Hospital-based recruitment/baseline visit with 1-year follow-up. Subjects. Family members of hospitalized CVD patients (N = 423; 67% female; 36% racial/ethnic minority; mean age 49 years). Measures. Systematic evaluation at 1 year to determine heart-healthy diet (defined as <10% kcal from saturated fat; Block 98 Food Frequency Questionnaire) and physical activity (defined as ≥4d/wk; Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Survey) behaviors and caregiver burdens (five domains: employment, financial, physical, social, and time; Caregiver Strain Questionnaire). Analysis. Logistic regression adjusted for covariates. Results. Heart-healthy diet was less frequent among caregivers citing feeling overwhelmed (odds ratio [OR] = .50; 95% confidence interval [CI] = .26–.97), sleep disturbance (OR = .51; 95% CI = .27–.96), financial strain (OR = .41; 95% CI = .20–.86), upsetting behavior (OR = .48; 95% CI = .25–.92), and/or time demands (OR = .47; 95% CI = .26–.85) as burdens. Physical activity was less frequent among caregivers reporting financial strain (OR = .32; 95% CI = .13–.81) or upsetting patient behavior (OR = .33; 95% CI = .15–.76) as burdens. The most commonly cited caregiver burdens included changes in personal plans (39%), time demands (38%), and sleep disturbance (30%). Conclusion. Caregiver burdens were associated with nonachievement of heart-healthy diet and physical activity behaviors among family caregivers 1 year after patient discharge. When developing heart-health promotion interventions, caregiver burden should be considered as a possible barrier to prevention among family members of CVD patients.