Helen Nader

Liberty in absolutist Spain : the Habsburg sale of towns, 1516-1700

Throughout early modern Europe, one of the most extraordinary royal fund-raising schemes was the seizure and sale of church property to finance foreign wars. The monarchs of Habsburg Spain extended these seizures to municipal property and used the revenue to maintain their empire. They sold charters of autonomy to hundreds of villages, thus converting them into towns, and sold towns to private buyers, thus increasing the number of seigniorial lords. In Hapsburg Spain, therefore, absolutism did not mean centralization. Rather, the kings invoked their absolute power to decentralize authority and allow their subjects a surprising degree of autonomy.

Desperate men, questionable acts: The moral dilemma of Italian merchants in the Spanish slave trade

Modern research into the Italian business community in Renaissance Spain is driven by the desire to strengthen and publicize the Italian genesis of Spains enterprise of the Americas. Scholarship resulting from this motive understandably focuses on positive facets of the Columbian discovery. The Italians are painted not only as financially more astute but also morally superior to their Spanish associates; their involvement in the enslavement of American Indians is not mentioned. By looking at Christopher Columbus, enslaver of Indians, in the historical context of Spain during the reign of Fernando and Isabel, a moral dilemma becomes clear: Italian merchants in Spain operated in a rapidly changing moral climate that by 1500 criminalized their slaving activities in the Canaries and in the Americas. Columbus and his Italian partners found themselves caught between their need for profits and the new royal prohibition against enslavement of the American Indians.

A Network of Converso Families in Early Modern Toledo

You are entirely free to find, use and download, so there is no cost at all. a network of converso families in early modern toledo assimilating minority PDF may not make exciting reading, but a network of converso families in early modern toledo assimilating minority is packed with valuable instructions, information and warnings. We also have many ebooks and user guide is also related with a network of converso families in early modern toledo assimilating minority PDF, include : A Pocket Full Of Rye Miss Marple 7 Agatha Christie, Abhinaya Darpanam An Illustrated Translation 2nd Edition, and many more ebooks. We are the best and the biggest in the world. Our ebooks online or by storing it on your computer, you have convenient answers with a network of converso families in early modern toledo assimilating minority PDF. To get started finding a network of converso families in early modern toledo assimilating minority, And you are right to find the biggest collection of listed.

Book ReviewsA la sombra de la Corona: Poder local y oligarquia urbana (Madrid, 1606–1808). By Mauro Hernandez. Madrid: Siglo Veintiuno Editores, 1995. Pp. xix+422.

comparison of parallel passages in the synoptic gospels. This comparison is very significant when made in the English; it is much more instructive when made in Greek. A harmony of these gospels presenting similar passages on the same page is therefore almost the first tool a student should acquire. After providing such tools in English, professors of the University of Chicago are again to be thanked for publishing a similar one in the original tongue. The text used is that of Westcott and Hort, which, though it has generally received the preference of English and American scholars in the forty years since its publication, apparently has not before been issued in the form of a harmony. Here it has been carefully reproduced literatim, arranged conveniently for parallel study, and provided with an outline, index, and other suitable equipment. The editors have done well to substitute quotation marks for the unfamiliar capitals used by the former editors to indicate quotations from the Old Testament. They might have further improved on their predecessors if they had supplied a textual apparatus for the variant readings which are noticed marginally by Hort, as they have done for the variants, many of them much less important, which they have added in another margin of their own. In this respect (as well as in the matter of expense) the latest edition of Hucks Synopse has still an advantage over this product of American home industry. There is not much opportunity for novel or individual theory in preparing a harmonyof the gospels, and the editors have wisely refrained from