Helena Gómez-Macpherson

Soil management and traffic effects on infiltration of irrigation water applied using sprinklers

Zero tillage and controlled traffic have been proposed as means for more productive and sustainable irrigated farming. Both practices affect soil infiltration characteristics and, therefore, should have effects on sprinkler irrigation performance. This study compared water infiltration and runoff in three sprinkler irrigation tests performed on an alluvial loam soil at different times during a maize (Zea mays L.)–cotton (Gossypium hirstium L.) rotation under two soil managements: permanent beds with crop residue retention (PB: planting beds maintained unaltered from year to year) and conventional beds with residues incorporated with tillage (CB: disc and chisel ploughing followed by rotavator pass and bed forming every year). Traffic was controlled and two types of furrows were distinguished in both tillage systems: with (+T) and without (−T) wheel traffic. The irrigation tests were performed on maize at full cover, on bare soil just before cotton sowing and on cotton with 50% ground cover. Infiltration and runoff were affected notably by both traffic and soil management. The soil under PB infiltrated more water than under CB, and −T furrows more than +T furrows. Considering the combined treatments, −T furrows in the CB system infiltrated more water than +T furrows in the PB system. A sprinkler irrigation model for simulating water application and soil infiltration and runoff was formulated. The model was used to analyse irrigation performance under infiltration characteristic of the CB and PB systems in trafficked and non-trafficked furrows. Five irrigation performance indicators were used to assess the various combinations of tillage and traffic: Wilkox–Swailes coefficient of uniformity; application efficiency; deep percolation ratio; tail water ratio; and adequacy. The model was used to develop operation diagrams and provided guidelines for making irrigation decisions in the new controlled traffic/permanent bed system and in a standard conventional system.

Cropping and Farming Systems

Cropping systems can be based on a single crop (monoculture) or on many (polyculture), including intercrops and rotations. Intercrops are rarely used in western agriculture although they offer several advantages (better use of resources, improved nutrient cycling) that are quantified by the Land Equivalent Ratio (LER). Agroforestry systems are a case of intercrop in which trees provide protection to soil, improve the crop nutrient balance and can provide some additional useful products. Rotations involve crop diversification in time and have many advantages over monoculture (control of weeds, pests and diseases, improved nutrition, risk diversification). Farming systems have interlinked components of inputs and outputs through processes managed to achieve economic agricultural production in order to meet enterprise and/or household requirements.