Heli Saarikoski

Use of decision analysis interviews to support the sustainable use of the forests in Finnish Upper Lapland

Controversy between alternative uses of forests in Finnish Upper Lapland has been going on for decades, and in recent years it has been escalated to a serious conflict. The core of the conflict is the adverse impacts of forestry on old forests which are important grazing areas for reindeer and which are regarded as intact nature and wilderness areas. This paper describes the experiences of applying multi-criteria decision analysis interview approach on this conflict. The approach provides tools for structuring the problem and preferences of the stakeholders as well as for analyzing the effects of different alternatives in a common framework. We focus on the practical experiences gained from the application of this approach in this context. Multi-criteria decision analysis was found to be a useful approach to evaluate the economic, ecological and cultural aspects of this intense conflict. The obtained experiences also support the view that the approach works best when tightly integrated into the planning process.

Decision support systems in forest management: requirements from a participatory planning perspective

Participatory approaches and computerised tools such as decision support systems (DSS) represent conflicting tendencies in state-of the-art sustainable forest management. As a result, there may be considerable tension between these two developments in practice. The objective of this paper is to explore how participatory approaches and DSS could be brought together to improve planning processes and to explore how DSS could be adapted in their use or combined with other tools to enable successful participatory planning. From a review of the literature, we identified criteria related to successful participatory planning. From these criteria, we selected those a DSS can influence and created a short list of the criteria that could be used to evaluate participatory processes where DSS are applied. The evaluation criteria with particular relevance for DSS that we identified are as follows: fairness, opportunity to influence outcome, quality and selection of information, cost-effectiveness, challenging status quo and fostering creative thinking, structured decision-making process, transparency, and independence and neutrality of process. We also scrutinised existing forest DSS and identified features that may enable DSS to address these criteria. The features of DSS we identified that may support participatory processes are as follows: group decision support, possibilities to include other values than timber production, flexibility of system to include non-traditional forest data and management options, and multi-criteria decision analysis tools. We argue that the DSS to be used should be assessed to clarify, how it can be used in the specific planning situation and how it should be complemented with other available and non-computerised tools.

Selecting appropriate methods of knowledge synthesis to inform biodiversity policy

Responding to different questions generated by biodiversity and ecosystem services policy or management requires different forms of knowledge (e.g. scientific, experiential) and knowledge synthesis. Additionally, synthesis methods need to be appropriate to policy context (e.g. question types, budget, timeframe, output type, required scientific rigour). In this paper we present a range of different methods that could potentially be used to conduct a knowledge synthesis in response to questions arising from knowledge needs of decision makers on biodiversity and ecosystem services policy and management. Through a series of workshops attended by natural and social scientists and decision makers we compiled a range of question types, different policy contexts and potential methodological approaches to knowledge synthesis. Methods are derived from both natural and social sciences fields and reflect the range of question and study types that may be relevant for syntheses. Knowledge can be available either in qualitative or quantitative form and in some cases also mixed. All methods have their strengths and weaknesses and we discuss a sample of these to illustrate the need for diversity and importance of appropriate selection. To summarize this collection, we present a table that identifies potential methods matched to different combinations of question types and policy contexts, aimed at assisting teams undertaking knowledge syntheses to select appropriate methods.

The Challenge of Governance in Regional Forest Planning: An Analysis of Participatory Forest Program Processes in Finland

The opening up of Finnish forest policymaking to new interest groups and a change to more flexible forms of partnerships at multiple levels signals a transition to new governance relations. Drawing on the concept of institutional capacity, we analyze the governance potential of stakeholder forums, called Regional Forest Councils, to balance economic considerations with ecological ones in preparing Regional Forest Programs. More specifically, we look into knowledge resources that are produced and shared in the Regional Forest Program process, relational resources such as trust and reciprocity created and sustained in the Regional Forest Councils, and the capacity to mobilize resources and take action to implement the program. The two processes we have analyzed demonstrate various elements of institutional capacity for collective action, and illustrate the challenges that a traditional hierarchically organized and expert-driven sector can face in developing more inclusive forms of governance.

Governing Old-Growth Forests: The Interdependence of Actors in Great Bear Rainforest in British Columbia

The article explores the interdependence of state, civil society, and market actors in resolving environmental conflicts through new governance arrangements. Based on policy documents and in-depth interviews, the study shows that the government-led Land and Resource Management Plans concerning the coastal rainforests in British Columbia depended for their success on governance efforts that environmental organizations and forestry corporations initiated and carried through independently outside the formal planning processes. These nonstate actors, on the other hand, chose to engage with the provincial government, the First Nations, and the planning processes representing a large number of stakeholders, in order to gain the necessary legitimacy, certainty, and resources for the solutions created during their bilateral negotiations. The results show that when able to consciously coordinate separate processes and roles in the governance of forests, actors can create space for new solutions in seemingly intractable situations.

Monitavoitearviointi Ylä-Lapin metsien kestävän käytön mahdollisuuksista

Tutkimuksessa tarkasteltiin Ylä-Lapin metsien käytön vaihtoehtoja osallistuvan monitavoitearvioinnin avulla. Eri sidosryhmien arvostukset tuotiin mukaan arviointimalliin henkilökohtaisilla tietokoneavusteisilla päätösanalyysihaastatteluilla. Tavoitteena oli selvittää eri tahojen näkemyksiä vaihtoehtojen mieluisuudesta. Tutkimuksessa muodostettiin viisi erilaista metsien käsittelyvaihtoehtoa, joissa hakkuukertymät vaihtelivat välillä 300 000 m3/v ja 30 000 m3/v. Vaihtoehtoja arvioitiin kuuden kriteerin avulla: 1) bruttotulovaikutukset paikallistaloudessa 2) työllistävyys 3) saamelainen poronhoitokulttuuri 4) paikallinen luonnon virkistyskäyttö 5) luonnon monimuotoisuus ja 6) yhteisymmärrys ja sopeutuminen. Tulosten perusteella voitiin tunnistaa kolme eri ryhmää. Kaksi ensimmäistä ryhmää pitivät parhaimpana vaihtoehtona nykyisen luonnonvarasuunnitelman mukaista hakkuutasoa. Nämä ryhmät poikkesivat toisistaan siten, että ensimmäinen ryhmä asetti toiselle sijalle nykyistä luonnonvarasuunnitelmaa laajemmat hakkuut kun taas toinen ryhmä piti toiseksi parhaana vaihtoehtona tätä suppeampia hakkuita. Kolmas ryhmä piti mieluisimpana vaihtoehtoa, jossa yli 140-vuotiaita metsiä ei hakata lainkaan. Arviointi nosti esille myös vaikutusarvioita koskevia näkemyseroja. Suurimmat erot koskivat saamelainen poronhoitokulttuuri ja porotalouden työllisyys -kriteereitä. Nämä ovat avainkysymyksiä, joista tulisi löytää yhteistä tietopohjaa kiistojen ratkaisemiseksi.