Henri R. Manasse

Shortages of medicines: a complex global challenge.

6,7 A recent commentary in a Belgian pharmacy journal claims that the problem is global – “from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe” – listing 21 countries affected by a variety of supply problems. 8 A shortage of the injectable antibiotic streptomycin was reported in 15 countries in 2010, with 11 more countries predicting their stocks would run out before they could be replenished. 9

Pharmacy technician education, training, and certification: call for a single national standard and public accountability.

Today’s medication-use systems rely heavily on pharmacy technicians. The ability of pharmacists to focus their attention on the safe and effective use of drugs, biologicals, vaccines, and contrast media depends on the availability of technicians who have been appropriately trained and credentialed

Transforming health professional education.

The global independent Commission on the Education of Health Professionals for the 21st Century1 recently published an evidence-based argument for transformation in the education of health professionals. An important barrier to achieving health is the application of knowledge.2 In most systems, health professionals are the mediators of knowledge between those who generate it (researchers) and those who need it (patients and communities). As such, the commission concluded that “all health professionals in all countries should be educated to mobilize knowledge and to engage in critical reasoning and ethical conduct so that they are competent to participate in patient and population-centered health systems as members of locally- responsive and globally-connected teams.” The commission consisted of 20 professional and academic leaders from diverse countries who developed a shared vision and a common strategy for education in medicine, nursing, and public health that reaches beyond the confines of national borders and the silos of individual professions. To do this, they adopted a global outlook, a multiprofessional perspective, and a systems approach. Frenk, Chen, and colleagues argue that global dimensions of health, including leadership, management, policy analysis, and communication skills, not only are essential but also neglected elements of the typical health professions curriculum.1 This argument is augmented by the work of Berwick and Finkelstein, who suggest that health professions training programs must both teach the scientific foundations of system performance and provide opportunities for trainees to participate in team-based improvement of the real-world health systems in which they work.3 The World Health Organization (WHO) hosted a project focusing on Global Consensus for Social Accountability of Medical Schools, which recommends global action with regard to advocacy, consultancy, research, and coordination in order to become more socially accountable to the populations served.4 While none of these important efforts was focused specifically on pharmacy education, we suggest that all are relevant to pharmacy education. Despite progressive developments in health systems since the start of the 21st century, as a global community we have failed to address the glaring inequalities in health both nationally and transnationally, and this has been further complicated by emergent diseases, infections, and behavioral risks. Indeed, health professions education, including traditional pharmacy education, has failed to systematically link practice competencies to patient and population health needs. And despite that most patient encounters occur in community settings, the prioritization of specialist and hospital-based care models have in some instances usurped a focus on prevention and primary care, thereby compromising measurable improvements in health outcomes. Taken together, these realities suggest a need to reorient our education, research, and service priorities accordingly. On the positive side, pharmacy practice, science, and education are undergoing unprecedented changes globally. Expanded roles for pharmacists, as providers of health-care services and as scientists, are increasingly recognised and valued. Pharmacists worldwide are serving as the medicines experts in the collaborative health care team, providing critical information to other health providers on the benefits, risks, and potential adverse interactions between therapeutic agents for diseases such as malaria, tuberculosis, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/ acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). However, countering these achievements, many countries are still faced with critical shortages of the pharmacists, pharmaceutical scientists, and pharmacy support personnel needed to manage all aspects of medicines use (a chain of tasks which includes research and development, manufacture, procurement, distribution, dispensing, administration, counselling, and monitoring at the patient and population levels). This is an unacceptable policy oversight when access to essential medicines is a basic health need and declared right. These critical shortages in educated staff members also affect the availability of pharmacist services, such as providing appropriate information to patients and other healthcare professionals and monitoring effects of medication use for patients and communities. Of the eight health-related Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), 4 explicitly involve medicines or medical sundries,3 and their availability and use at the primary care level is jeopardized by limited quantity and scope of human resources for medicines management.5,6 Indeed, these workforce policy problems in pharmacy need to be addressed at national and global levels (Table ​(Table11).7 To do that with any hope of sustainability, we need better information about pharmacy education globally. The International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) Pharmacy Education Taskforce,8-10 in collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO), is currently implementing a global survey of pharmacy colleges and schools, the results of which are intended to support transformational change toward needs-based educational systems within the profession (Figure ​(Figure1).1). When received, we encourage all colleges and schools of pharmacy to respond to this important request. Further, we challenge academic pharmacists to continue the discussion and debates presented by the commission and others in order to (1) close the gap between knowledge and action in pharmacy education, (2) become socially accountable to our patients and communities, and (3) implement curricular innovations that will lead to improved teamwork of health professionals across disciplinary lines. These changes will help to ensure that our profession remains relevant, engaged, and focused on the pursuit of health in the years to come. Figure 1 Needs-based model for pharmacy education. Table 1 Millennium Development Goals (MDG) Related to Medicines

Competing social tensions in health care

Members of the board of trustees, officers of the University of Wyoming, members of the faculty, members of the class of 2009, and family and friends of the graduates, it is indeed my honor to be here with you this morning. Thank you as well, Dean Sullivan, for your kind introduction and hospitality

Models for the Supply of Pharmacists

The BHPr (formerly Bureau of Health Professions) Supply Model for pharmacists is presented and analyzed. Recommendations are made for improvement of the supply model. Included are considerations of additional variables and improvement of tables of separation rates to more accurately reflect working patterns of male and female pharmacists. The supply model shares many features of supply models for other health professions such as nursing and medicine. The variables suggested for improvement of supply determinations parallel supply measures of other health professions also. The adoption of suggestions for improvement of the pharmacy supply model to other health professionssupply models is suggested.

Accepting accountability for the medication-use system.

In March 2010, the United States achieved a landmark in health policy with the passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA). The urgency of a reformation of the health care delivery system and its financing has never been more pressing, with the costs of health care rapidly

Need for greater continuity of care

The challenges of assuring continuity of care (COC) as patients move from one care setting to another are known to most pharmacists. They see them every day. Patients come to the hospital, often without bringing their prescription medications or drug profiles and cannot reliably recall each drug,

Conference concluding remarks.

These past days of presentations and discussions have indeed been momentous. In fact, I would like to suggest that we refer to our gathering on the future global vision for hospital pharmacy held here in Basel as “The Moment.” It was a historical moment to have 348 registrants representing 98

Certification of pharmacy technicians

Medications continue to be a significant and vital component of medical care. And while the complexity and scope of medication use continues to grow, the role of pharmacists in caring for patients is expanding to help meet patient needs for safe and effective care. In addition to this important role

Development of a global hospital self-assessment tool and prioritization tier system based on FIP's Basel Statements

The objective of this study was to develop and pilot a hospital self‐assessment tool and prioritization system for hospitals to evaluate their pharmacy practice performance against the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP)s Basel Statements.