Henry França Meier

Biofuels from continuous fast pyrolysis of soybean oil: A pilot plant study

The continuous fast pyrolysis of soybean oil in a pilot plant was investigated. The experimental runs were carried out according to an experimental design alternating the temperature (from 450 to 600 degrees C) and the concentration of water (from 0% to 10%). The liquid products were analyzed by gas chromatography and by true boiling point (TPB) distillation. A simple distillation was used to obtain purified products such as gasoline and diesel. Physical-chemical analysis showed that these biofuels are similar to fossil fuels. Mass and energy balances were carried out in order to determine the vaporization enthalpy and the reaction enthalpy for each experiment. The thermal analysis showed that it is possible to use the products as an energy source for the process.

Gas-solid flow in cyclones: The Eulerian-Eulerian approach

Abstract A computational fluid dynamic model was used to simulate the diluted gas-solid flow in a conventional cyclone. Most of the studies published in the literature present the Lagrangian model for solid phase. In this work, the model is based on the Eulerian approach for both phases considering the two fluid assumption in a 3-D symmetrical domain. The mathematical model was completed using of the k-ϵ turbulence model which was used to predict the eddy viscosity for axial and radial components of the Reynolds stress of the gas phase. Also, for the tangential velocity of the gas phase, the Prandtls mixture length theory was used to predict the tangential components of the Reynolds stress, and a wall function was used to predict the swirling near the wall. This turbulence model presents an anisotropic behaviour of the Reynolds stress on the gas phase. The solid phase flow was considered to be an inviscid flow, and only a drag force model was used for gas-solid interaction. Two physical situations were simulated to test the model proposed: one was clean air flow, and the other was air and spherical particles of glass in a diluted flow. The primary information obtained from the model was the influence of the solid phase on the gas phase. It was the possible to predict the reduction of the tangential velocity peak responsible for the pressure drop reduction due to the particle presence.

ESTUDO DA VIABILIDADE TÉCNICO-CIENTÍFICA DA PRODUÇÃO DE BIODIESEL A PARTIR DE RESÍDUOS GORDUROSOS

Waste fatty acid, from fatty boxes was evaluated as feedstock to obtain biodiesel in a laboratory scale. The residues were desemulsified, purified and used to obtain ethyl esters, through the transesterification with alkaline catalysis and esterification with acid catalysis reactions. The product was purified by adsorption in column of silica, and characterized by GLC with mass detector. Using this methodology the fatty residues was converted in the ethyl esters showed the scientific e technical validation of this propose. The conversion of fatty acids in ethylic esters was calculated by mass balances processes same for the highs degradation of the residue evaluates. To purify the biodiesel and glycerol obtained was necessary secondary processes to increase the qualities of this full and to use the glycerin in many industrial processes.Waste fatty acid, from fatty boxes was evaluated as feedstock to obtain biodiesel in a laboratory scale. The residues were desemulsified, purified and used to obtain ethyl esters, through the transesterification with alkaline catalysis and esterification with acid catalysis reactions. The product was purified by adsorption in column of silica, and characterized by GLC with mass detector. Using this methodology the fatty residues was converted in the ethyl esters showed the scientific e technical validation of this propose. The conversion of fatty acids in ethylic esters was calculated by mass balances processes same for the highs degradation of the residue evaluates. To purify the biodiesel and glycerol obtained was necessary secondary processes to increase the qualities of this full and to use the glycerin in many industrial processes.

Craqueamento termo-catalítico da mistura óleo de fritura usado-lodo de estamparia têxtil para a produção de óleo com baixo índice de acidez

In this work, cracking experiments were performed to carry out the thermal conversion of the mixture of used frying oil and textile stamping sludge in continuous reactor. The textile stamping sludge was used to catalyze the reaction of thermal cracking. The physical and chemical properties of the oil produced were analyzed. Among the results of this analysis the level of acidity in the range of 12 mg KOH/g stands out. Low levels of acidity as this particular mean better quality oil. In this regard it is important that further researches on processes of conversion of residual oil occur.

Nanoscale mixing during double-flame spray synthesis of heterostructured nanoparticles

The combination of two nanoparticle-producing flame reactors to a double-flame (DF) spray pyrolysis process is an attractive method for the high-temperature gas-phase synthesis of multicompound materials and heterostructures. It allows separate control of particle growth in the individual flames up to the intersection or mixing point where the formation of heterostructures takes place. The effect of mixing of the aerosol streams on the process temperature and product characteristics is investigated based on the example of Pt on TiO2. Temperatures were determined by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and thermocouple measurements along with computational fluid dynamics, while the degree of mixing was investigated based on surface area, Pt-dispersion measurements, and transmission electron microscopy image analyses. The quadrat method in combination with the variation coefficient was used to quantify the uniformity of the Pt cluster distribution on the TiO2 support. For high intersection distances of the two flame jets and small intersection angles, nonuniform mixing of the compounds and the formation of large Pt particles are observed. For small intersection distances and large angles, a uniform Pt distribution was achieved. Based on these findings, process design rules were established which can be transferred to other material systems.

Upgrade of Biofuels Obtained from Waste Fish Oil Pyrolysis by Reactive Distillation

Bio-oil is classified as second-generation biofuel and it is produced mainly through the pyrolysis of a waste lignocellulosic biomass base. The application of this product is still very limited, due to some of its chemical characteristics. This paper presents a proposal for the reduction of the acidity of bio-oil obtained from waste fish oil, previously produced and characterized as described in the literature, applying the reactive distillation process. This process is primarily based on the conversion of carboxylic acids into their corresponding esters by adding a widely available alcohol and a simple and cheap catalyst in the process for the fractional distillation of crude bio-oil to obtain light and heavy bio-oil, that is, fractions which are equivalent to the fossil fuels gasoline and diesel, respectively. The alcohols tested were methanol and ethanol and the catalysts were H2SO4, H3PO4, NaOH and Na2CO3, in proportions of 10 and 0.5 wt.%, respectively. The light bio-oil was obtained within a temperature range of 42 to 198 oC with yields of 27.0 to 43.1% and the heavy bio-oil was recovered at 93 to 230 oC with yields of 42.6 to 49.2%. The greatest acidity reduction was observed employing methanol+H2SO4 (95% and 43% for light and heavy bio-oils, respectively). The fractions produced were characterized by gas cromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID), applying the compound classification process PIONA (Paraffins, Iso-paraffins, Olefins, Naphtenes and Aromatics), revealing a homologous series of 1-alkenes and n-alkanes along with some aromatic compounds. The 1H and 13C NMR analysis showed that the process had no significant influence in relation to the carbons and hydrogens associated with the methyl, methylene, methyne and olefinic groups.

A Numerical Analysis of the Turbophoresis in a Turbulent Gas-Particle Flow

Gas-particle flows are very commonly found in pharmaceutical, chemical and petroleum industries. The optimization of the operations involved normally requires a detailed knowledge of the very intrinsic phenomena that take place within the equipment handling the mixture. Once multiphase flows have peculiar characteristics, their behavior should be extensively evaluated. One of these characteristics is the turbophoresis, which occurs in turbulent confined gas-solid flows. The dispersed phase concentrates at the walls and forms a segregated particle flow, where high mass-loading effects become important. Thus, in this work the Euler/Lagrange approach to three-dimensional unstructured meshes is used to numerically assess the turbophoretic effect. The influence of the coupling between phases (two- and four-way coupling) and wall roughness are taken into account. Results show that the particle deposition depends on the coupling and wall roughness. Four-way coupling effects are observed to increase the turbophoresis phenomenon and modify the gas phase dynamics.Copyright

Numerical Simulation of Flame Spray Pyrolysis Process for Nanoparticle Productions: Effects of 2D and 3D Approaches

Nanoparticle production in flames was modeled in an Eulerian-Lagrangean framework, considering droplet evaporation and fuel combustion to predict the flame chemical species concentration and the flame temperature fields by means of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). A mathematical model was carried out considering two-way coupling between the gas phase and the droplets. For the combustion model, the eddy dissipation concept model was applied, taking into account the droplets vaporization, the chemical reaction mechanisms, and the chemistry-turbulence interaction. 2D axisymmetric and 3D approaches were investigated in standard operations conditions. The initial conditions for the droplet sizes and droplet velocities were taken in experiment test facility by means of Laser-Diffraction. The grid independence study was made according to the Grid Convergence Index (GCI) methodology for both approaches. The droplets mass evaporated, temperature and velocities profiles were used to compare the 2D and 3D results. The results show similar behavior for both approaches, however, with some quantitative difference. The 2D approach showed lower temperature resulted by a larger mass fuel not evaporated and unburned.Copyright

Renewable Hydrocarbons from Triglyceride's Thermal Cracking

This chapter gives an overview of renewable hydrocarbon production through triglycer‐ ides thermal‐cracking process. The influence of feedstock characteristics and availability is discussed. It also presents issues about the reaction, the effect of operational conditions, and catalysts. A scheme of the reaction is presented and discussed. The composition and properties of bio‐oil is presented for both thermal and catalytic cracking. The high content of olefins and the high acid index are drawbacks that require downstream processes. The reactor design, kinetics, and scale‐up are opportunities for future studies. However, the similarity of bio‐oil with oil turns this process attractive.

Avaliação de características de biodieseis de fontes alternativas submetidos a condições de armazenagem diferenciada

Maria Juliane Suotaa, Edesio Luiz Simionattoa,*, Dilamara Riva Scharfa, Valnice Mottaa, Daniela Mosera, Luciano Basto Oliveirab, Luiz Roberto Martins Pedrosob, Alberto Wisniewski Jrc, Vinicyus Rodolfo Wiggersd, Vanderleia Bottond e Henry França Meierd Departamento de Química, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, 89030-000 Blumenau – SC, Brasil ECO100 – Sustainable Development Ltda Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 49100-000 São Cristóvão – SE, Brasil Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, 89030-000 Blumenau – SC, Brasil