Herbert M. Stauffer

THE SAFETY OF INTRAVASCULAR CARBON DIOXIDE AND ITS USE FOR ROENTGENOLOGIC VISUALIZATION OF INTRACARDIAC STRUCTURES

Excerpt The injection of air into body cavities or tissues is a method that has been used for diagnostic purposes (e.g., perirenal insufflation, Rubins test, etc.) and also for therapy (e.g., pneu...

The diagnostic importance of normal variants in deep cerebral phlebography, with special emphasis on the true and false venous angles of the brain and evaluation of venous angle measurements.

The value of the deep cerebral veins in cerebral angiography, as an aid in localizing space-taking intracranial lesions, has been well established by a number of investigators. Particular attention has been directed to localization of the foramen of Monro through visualization of a characteristic vein coursing through it. This vein, formed by the junction of the striothalamic (terminal) with the internal cerebral vein, forms a smooth, sharp curve as it courses around the posterior margin of the foramen. The point at which the two veins join has been called by Krayenbuhl and Richter the “venous angle of the brain” (V-A) (Fig. 1). The deep cerebral veins have a fairly constant course and configuration. Exceptions are not unusual, however, and should be distinguished from pathologic changes. It is the purpose of this paper to show the normal variations of the deep veins and sinuses and various types of tributaries of the internal cerebral vein which result in a false “venous angle of the brain,” and to discu...

Stereoscopic Televised Fluoroscopy

The possibilities of stereoscopic roentgenography were appreciated by the early roentgenologists. Two roentgenograms of a patient made with the x-ray tube displaced a few inches at right angles to the direction of the central beams were viewed in a stereoscopic illuminator. Each roentgenogram was presented to the respective eye. The illumination intensities were high, and many of the shadows were clearly defined so that a clear perception of depth might be obtained. Since the stereoscopic studies often yielded valuable information, it is not surprising that roentgenologists promptly attempted to apply this technic to fluoroscopy. Mackenzie Davidson in 1897 obtained stereoscopic pictures on a fluorescent screen, and Eugene Caldwell made some improvements in this technic which he reported in 1901 (1). These workers employed a shutter in front of the two sight holes through which the fluorescent screen was viewed, with the mechanism rotating the shutter also actuating the switching of the x-ray tubes respons...

PROGRESS IN STEREOFLUOROSCOPY "TRANSMISSION": T-V ANAGLYPH DISPLAY AND COLOR CINERECORDING.

In the face of the remarkable apathy of most radiologists the world over to the application of stereoscopy in roentgen diagnosis, we have remained convinced of the ultimate value to be derived from the clinical use of a refined system for stereoscopic fluoroscopy. A few other workers share our convictions, notably Lindblom (2), Webster (3), Potsaid (4), and Sones (5). Our Radiology-Physiology-Medical Physics Research Group demonstrated in 1954 the practicability of Vidicon closed-circuit television display from the first commercially available 5-in. Philips image intensifiers (6). However, the development of a stereoscopic televised fluoroscopy system required rapid handling of alternating images on the output phosphor from the two x-ray tube targets; we, therefore, selected the image Orthicon for this application since its photo-cathode can be pulsed and it is free of the objection-able lag of the Vidicon. In 1962, with Henny (7), we reported the development of a functioning experimental arrangement for ...

Evaluation of Performance of Image Orthicon, Vidicon and Permachon Television Camera Tubes in Conjunction with Fluoroscopic Image Intensifiers

Television systems are now widely used in conjunction with image intensifiers to display fluoroscopic information. The relative merits of Orthicon vs. Vidicon systems in fluoroscopic practice have not been clearly defined. An opportunity to compare the two in a laboratory was provided by a research project involving image Orthicons with a 9-inch image intensifier for stereoscopic fluoroscopy. A storage Vidicon (Westinghouse “Permachon”), which will retain a still picture for several minutes, was also evaluated in conjunction with an image intensifier. In a preliminary study, immediate display of planigraphy was made possible by mounting the intensifier with TV camera at the film level in the cassette-transport mechanism. An image Orthicon (R.C.A. 6489) and a Vidicon (Westinghouse 7325) tube have been compared at 85 kvp (2 mm. A1 filter) with use of the Burger (1) test plate with several thicknesses of phantom. With 1.2 mr per minute at the face of the image intensifier (equivalent to a 25 cm. abdomen with...

Addition of polymer to radiopaque contrast material to decrease catheter flow resistance.

RECENT SHIP-MODEL studies have shown that long-chain, high-molecular-weight polymers reduce fluid-friction drag on ship hulls (2). A similar effect was demonstrated in pipeline flows and was quickly adapted by various industries interested in reducing the cost of pumping fluids through pipelines. Recent experiments have explored the biological applicability of this phenomenon (3, 5). This report describes the use of long-chain, high-molecular-weight polymers to reduce frictional drag in high-speed injection catheters. Previous work in this laboratory (1) has shown that catheters used clinically in high-speed injections generally operate in a turbulent flow condition. Reynolds numbers in the range of 6,000–15,000 are found in catheters under these conditions. The application of classical engineering hydrodynamics is useful in the description of pressure-flow characteristics of injection catheters (1). The addition of high-molecular-weight polymers reduces frictional drag only in turbulent flow conditions. ...