Herbert Snyder

Invoked on the Web

Where, how, and why are scholars invoked on the World Wide Web? An inductively derived typology was used to capture genres of invocation. Comparative data were gathered using five commercial search engines. It is argued that the Web fosters new modalities of scholarly communication. Different categories of invocation are identified and analyzed in terms of their potential to inform sociometric and bibliometric analyses of academic interaction.

Comparative citation rankings of authors in monographic and journal literature: a study of sociology

A recurrent criticism of commercial citation indexes is their failure to cover citations found in monographic literature. There exists the possibility that citation‐based surveys of scholarly communication and influence which ignore references in monographs may produce partial results. The study examined the scholarly literature of sociology. Tens of thousands of references from monographs and leading academic journals were analysed. The relative rankings of authors who were highly cited in the monographic literature did not change in the journal literature of the same period. There is, however, only a small overlap between the most highly cited authors based on the journal sample and those based on the monograph sample. The lack of correlation suggests that there may be two distinct populations of highly cited authors.

Patterns of self-citation across disciplines 1980-1989

The paper examines patterns of self-citation in six disciplines distributed equally among the physical and social sciences and the humanities. Sample articles were examined to determine the relative numbers and ages of self-citations and citations to others in the bibliographies and to the exposure given to each type of citation in the text of the articles. Significant differences in the number and age of citations between disciplines were found. Over all, 9% of all citations were self-citations; 15% of physical science citations were self-citations, as opposed to 6% in the social sciences and 3% in the humanities. Within disciplines, there was no significantly different amount of coverage between self-citations and citations to others. Over all, it appears that a lack of substantive differences in self-citation behavior is consistent across disciplines. The number of words devoted to self-citations vary among disciplines, but remain constant within a discipline for both self-citations and citations to others.

Can search engines be used as tools for web‐link analysis? A critical view

The paper investigates the problems of using commercial search engines for web‐link research and attempts to clarify the nature of the problems involved in the use of these engines. The research finds that search engines are highly variable in the results they produce, are limited in the search functions they offer, have poorly and/or incorrectly documented functions, use search logics that are opaque, and change the search functions they offer over time. The limitations which are inherent in commercial search engines should cause researchers to have reservations about any conclusions that rely on these tools as primary data‐gathering instruments. The short‐comings are market‐driven rather than inherent properties of the web or of web‐searching technologies. Improved functionalities are within the technical capabilities of search engine programmers and could be made available to the research community. The findings also offer mild support for the validity of the connection between web links and citations as analogues of intellectual linkage.

What's the Use of Citation? Citation Analysis as a Literature Topic in Selected Disciplines of the Social Sciences.

This study seeks to investigate the place and role of citation analysis in our own discipline and other disciplines. The authors have examined the research literature of informa tion science and other disciplines in order to: determine what proportion is devoted to citation analysis, develop an inductive typology to categorize the major foci of research being conducted under the rubric of citation analysis, and use the typology to determine how citation analysis is applied within information science and other disciplines. By isolating citation from bibliometrics in general, and by exploring the topic across literatures, the authors differen tiate their work from previous studies. Analysis of data from a ten-year sample of transdisciplinary social sciences literature suggests that two application areas predominate: the validity of citation as an evaluation tool, and impact or performance studies of authors, journals and institutions.

What does it really cost? Allocating indirect costs

Better managerial control in terms of decision making and understanding the total costs of a system or service result from allocating indirect costs. Allocation requires a three‐step process of selecting cost objectives, pooling related overhead costs, and selecting costs bases to connect the objectives to the pooled costs. Allocation may be simple, relying on a single base, or activity‐based costing (ABC), relying on multiple bases. Contrasts the methods of allocation, and argues that ABC may be more useful for costing electronic services.

Is There a Successful Business Case for Telepharmacy

The purpose of this study was to assess the financial operation of a Single Business Unit (SBU), consisting of one central retail pharmacy and two remote retail telepharmacies. Analyses of income statements and balance sheets for three consecutive years (2002-2004) were conducted. Several items from these statements were compared to the industry average. Gross profit increased from

Intellectual capital and economic espionage: new crimes and new protections

260,093 in 2002 to

Public Libraries and Embezzlement: An Examination of Internal Control and Financial Misconduct

502,262 in 2004. The net operating income percent was 2.9 percentage points below the industry average in 2002, 3.9 percentage points below in 2003, and 1.3 percentage points above in 2004. The inventory turnover ratio remained consistently below the industry average, but it also increased over the period. This is an area of concern, given the high cost of pharmaceuticals and a higher likelihood of obsolescence that exists with a time-sensitive inventory. Despite these concerns, the overall trend for the SBU is positive. The rate of growth between 2002 and 2004 shows that it is getting close to median sales as reported in the NCPA Digest. The results of this study indicate that multiple locations become profitable when a sufficient volume of patients (sales) is reached, combined with efficient use of the pharmacists time.

Chaotic behavior in computer mediated network communication

Purpose – Intellectual capitals (ICs) rising value in the production of wealth has been mirrored by its increasing vulnerability to crime. Among these are the increasing frequency of cybercrime, the intangible nature of IC which facilitates theft and the lack of legal remedies for the theft of IC. Taken together, these factors have created a new environment in which IC is uniquely at risk from financial crime. The purpose of this paper is to attempt to examine the efficacy in current legal remedies and formulate suggestions for better protecting IC.Design/methodology/approach – The analysis is conceptual, using frameworks drawn from legal scholarship and traditional views of law‐enforcement practice.Findings – This paper explores the risks of crime inherent in IC and a distributed cyber environment in greater detail in order to demonstrate that traditional legal remedies are largely ineffective to protect IC property rights and that, given this policy environment and the nature of IC itself, prevention ...