Herda Yati Katman

A Review on the Effect of Crumb Rubber Addition to the Rheology of Crumb Rubber Modified Bitumen

Crumb rubber modification has been proven to enhance the properties of pure bitumen. This paper looks at some of the international standards for producing crumb rubber modified bitumen (CRMB) and reviews the effect of crumb rubber to the rheology of crumb rubber modified bitumen. The review shows that the rheology of CRMB depends on internal factors such as crumb rubber quantity, particle size, and pure bitumen composition, and external factors such as the mixing time, temperature, and also the modification technique. These factors govern the swelling process of crumb rubber particles that lead to the increase of viscosity of the modified bitumen. However, the mixing temperature and duration can cause rubber particles to depolymerize and subsequently cause loss of viscosity. Crumb rubber modification also improves the properties of bitumen by increasing the storage and loss modulus and enhancing the high and low temperature susceptibility. The effect of crumb rubber to aging properties of CRMB is also discussed. Finally several techniques of chemical modification to terminal blends of CRMB and the subsequent improvement to the settling property of CRMB are explained.

Evaluation of Permanent Deformation of Unmodified and Rubber-Reinforced SMA Asphalt Mixtures Using Dynamic Creep Test

This paper presents the evaluation of permanent deformation of rubber-reinforced SMA asphalt mixtures by using dynamic creep test. The effect of trans-polyoctenamer as a cross-linking agent in permanent deformation of rubberized mixtures was also evaluated. Dynamic creep test was conducted at different stress levels (200 kPa, 400 kPa) and temperatures (40°C, 50°C). Permanent deformation parameters such as dynamic creep curve, ultimate strain, and creep strain slope (CSS) were used to analyse the results. Finally, the creep behaviour of the specimens was estimated by the Zhou three-stage creep model. The results show that crumb rubber and trans-polyoctenamer significantly affected the parameters especially at high stress and temperatures. Consistent findings were observed for all permanent deformation parameters. Moreover, based on Zhou model, it was concluded that resistance to permanent deformation was improved by application of crumb rubber and trans-polyoctenamer.

Effects of using silica fume and polycarboxylate-type superplasticizer on physical properties of cementitious grout mixtures for semiflexible pavement surfacing

Semi-flexible pavement surfacing is a composite pavement that utilizes the porous pavement structure of the flexible bituminous pavement, which is subsequently grouted with appropriate cementitious materials. This study aims to investigate the compressive strength, flexural strength, and workability performance of cementitious grout. The grout mixtures are designed to achieve high strength and maintain flow properties in order to allow the cement slurries to infiltrate easily through unfilled compacted skeletons. A paired-sample t-test was carried out to find out whether water/cement ratio, SP percentages, and use of silica fume influence the cementitious grout performance. The findings showed that the replacement of 5% silica fume with an adequate amount of superplasticizer and water/cement ratio was beneficial in improving the properties of the cementitious grout.

Evaluation of fatigue life of CRM-reinforced SMA and its relationship to dynamic stiffness

Fatigue cracking is an essential problem of asphalt concrete that contributes to pavement damage. Although stone matrix asphalt (SMA) has significantly provided resistance to rutting failure, its resistance to fatigue failure is yet to be fully addressed. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of crumb rubber modifier (CRM) on stiffness and fatigue properties of SMA mixtures at optimum binder content, using four different modification levels, namely, 6%, 8%, 10%, and 12% CRM by weight of the bitumen. The testing undertaken on the asphalt mix comprises the dynamic stiffness (indirect tensile test), dynamic creep (repeated load creep), and fatigue test (indirect tensile fatigue test) at temperature of 25°C. The indirect tensile fatigue test was conducted at three different stress levels (200, 300, and 400 kPa). Experimental results indicate that CRM-reinforced SMA mixtures exhibit significantly higher fatigue life compared to the mixtures without CRM. Further, higher correlation coefficient was obtained between the fatigue life and resilient modulus as compared to permanent strain; thus resilient modulus might be a more reliable indicator in evaluating the fatigue life of asphalt mixture.

The Effect of Crumb Rubber Particle Size to the Optimum Binder Content for Open Graded Friction Course

The main objective of this paper is to investigate the relations of rubber size, rubber content, and binder content in determination of optimum binder content for open graded friction course (OGFC). Mix gradation type B as specified in Specification for Porous Asphalt produced by the Road Engineering Association of Malaysia (REAM) was used in this study. Marshall specimens were prepared with four different sizes of rubber, namely, 20 mesh size [0.841 mm], 40 mesh [0.42 mm], 80 mesh [0.177 mm], and 100 mesh [0.149 mm] with different concentrations of rubberised bitumen (4%, 8%, and 12%) and different percentages of binder content (4%–7%). The appropriate optimum binder content is then selected according to the results of the air voids, binder draindown, and abrasion loss test. Test results found that crumb rubber particle size can affect the optimum binder content for OGFC.

Effect of Rubberized Bitumen Blending Methods on Permanent Deformation of SMA Rubberized Asphalt Mixtures

This study aims at comparing the permanent deformation of Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA) rubberized asphalt mixtures produced by the wet process. In this study, rubberized binders were prepared using two different blending methods, namely, continuous blend and terminal blend. To study the creep behaviour of control and rubberized asphalt mixtures, the dynamic creep test was performed using Universal Materials Testing Apparatus (UMATTA) at different temperatures and stress levels. Zhou three-stage creep model was utilized to evaluate the deformation characteristics of the mixtures. In all test conditions, the highest resistance to permanent deformation is showed by the rubberized mixtures produced with continuous blend binders. This study also reveals that the permanent deformation of rubberized mixtures cannot be predicted based on the characteristics of the rubberized binders.

Effects of reclaimed asphalt pavement on indirect tensile strength test of foamed asphalt mix tested in dry condition

Indirect tensile strength (ITS) test was conducted to analyse strength of the foamed asphalt mixes incorporating reclaimed asphalt pavement. Samples were tested for ITS after cured in the oven at 40°C for 72 hours. This testing condition known as dry condition or unconditioned. Laboratory results show that reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) contents insignificantly affect the ITS results. ITS results significantly affected by foamed bitumen contents.

Empirical investigation of trajectories and desired walking velocity of pedestrian walking through angled-corridor

Trajectories and walking velocity are two crucial metrics that become a basis in pedestrian flow analysis. Both metrics are governed by many factors, and some of the factors considered in this study are the angle of a corridor, track distance, number density of pedestrians, uni- or bi-directional flow and width of corridor. This paper is aimed at reporting empirical investigation of the effect of angled-corridor on pedestrian flow by postulating microscopically the trajectories and desired walking velocity of pedestrians. We have conducted one controlled experiment consists of 30 numbers of unidirectional walking tasks on a built corridor for different degrees of corner (60°, 90°, and 135°) by maintaining the width of the corridor as 2.25 m. A total of 990 samples of pedestrians walking behaviour were collected during the experiments. The finding summarised the pedestrians’ desired walking velocity and the trajectories of walking pedestrians for each type of the angled-corridor. The averaged-desired walking velocity of female and male (female; male) pedestrians for 60°-, 90°-, and 135°-corridor are (1.37 m/s; 1.42 m/s), (1.08 m/s; 1.03 m/s), and (1.10 m/s; 1.08m/s), respectively. The normal L-shaped corridor (90° corridor) gives the lowest averaged-desired walking velocity compared to 60° and 135°. Besides, the trajectory of pedestrians shows the preference of pedestrians to use the inner track of the corridor due to the shorter distance. About 15.21% of pedestrians changed their trajectory from outer to inner track during the experiment for all angled-corridors. With regards to that scenario, the flow was affected and the pedestrians started to queue was witnessed during the experiment. These finding could be notable interest for all evacuation studies that aim a good strategies and design solution in order to prevent crowd disaster.Trajectories and walking velocity are two crucial metrics that become a basis in pedestrian flow analysis. Both metrics are governed by many factors, and some of the factors considered in this study are the angle of a corridor, track distance, number density of pedestrians, uni- or bi-directional flow and width of corridor. This paper is aimed at reporting empirical investigation of the effect of angled-corridor on pedestrian flow by postulating microscopically the trajectories and desired walking velocity of pedestrians. We have conducted one controlled experiment consists of 30 numbers of unidirectional walking tasks on a built corridor for different degrees of corner (60°, 90°, and 135°) by maintaining the width of the corridor as 2.25 m. A total of 990 samples of pedestrians walking behaviour were collected during the experiments. The finding summarised the pedestrians’ desired walking velocity and the trajectories of walking pedestrians for each type of the angled-corridor. The averaged-desired walki...

Effects of reclaimed asphalt pavement on indirect tensile strength test of conditioned foamed asphalt mix

This paper presents the results of Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) Test for samples prepared with reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP). Samples were conditioned in water at 25 o C for 24 hours prior to testing. Results show that recycled aggregate from reclaimed asphalt pavement performs as well as virgin aggregate.