Hideo Kozima

The Science of the Cold Fusion Phenomenon

This chapter elaborates the science of cold fusion phenomenon (CFP). The huge pile of experimental data of CFP obtained in the past 17 years is puzzling compared to the common sense of modern physics established in the last century, if this data is interpreted only from the knowledge and concepts obtained in nuclear physics and solid-state physics by the end of the 20 th century. CFP occurs in complex systems composed of solids including hydrogen isotopes and thermal neutrons, so it is fundamentally different from two-body nuclear reaction in the free space. CFP belongs to different levels of physics from those of nuclear physics and should be treated with different basic laws. This chapter discusses the TNCF model. It describes trigger reactions and breeding reactions. CFP has been explained with the TNCF model. The chapter elaborates the data by Miley. This chapter explains CEP using the TNFC model and also elaborates in detail about data by Miley. The chapter also describes CFP as a science of complexity as revealed by the stability effect and the inverse-power law.

Discovery of the Cold Fusion Phenomenon

This chapter provides a general overview of the cold fusion phenomenon (CFP). The future of cold fusion research is not smooth, and it reflects the social and scientific situation of the end of the twentieth century. Investigation of the history of cold fusion research and of the cold fusion phenomenon gives a precious lesson about science and the relationship between science and society. This chapter shows a real process of scientific research, using the first stage of the cold fusion research as an example, and also reveals the factors biasing the process. Cold fusion research is a creation of a new paradigm, and it should be interesting and instructive not only for natural scientists but also for other people who are not engaged in natural science to learn the interesting structure of solid-state nuclear physics revealed by events in the CFP. This chapter also discusses various experiments that explained different phenomenon, such as the problem of reproducibility,control experiments with light water H 2 O, conditions for fusions reactions in solids, and discusses about free space in detail.

CF-Matter and the Cold Fusion Phenomenon*

The working concept of “cf-matter,” defined as “neutron drops in a thin neutron liquid” as described in previous papers, is used to explain complex events, especially nuclear transmutations, in cold fusion phenomenon (CFP). In samples used in CF experiments, the cf-matter contains high-density neutron drops in surface/boundary regions while in the volume it contains only a few of them, in accordance with experimental data. Generation of various nuclear transmutations, the most interesting features in CFP, are explained naturally if we use the concept of the cf-matter. Qualitative correspondence between the relative isotopic abundance of elements in the universe and the number of observations of elements in CFP is shown using more than 40 experimental data, sets. This facts is an evidence showing statistically that CFP in transition-metal hydrides/deuterides is a low energy version of nuclear processes occurring in the stars catalyzed by, specific neutrons in the cf-matter formed in surface/boundary regions of CF materials. 1. Abundance of Elements in the Universe 2. Formation of the cf-matter 3. Coulomb lattice in the cf-matter 4. Interaction of the cf-matter with extraneous nuclides in terms of experimental data 5. Production of New Nuclides in CFP 6. Relation of CFP Data with Abundances of the Elements 7. Discussion Acknowledgement References Papers used to count Nob in Table 4 Appendix “Solid State-Nuclear Physics of Cold Fusion Phenomenon”

On the leak width of line- and point-cusp magnetic fields

Abstract Plasma leak widths of the line- and point-cusp magnetic fields formed by arrays of permanent magnets were investigated. The leak width was defined by the half width of the electron density distribution measured by a Langmuir probe. Argon and helium plasmas were used. It is found that the leak width of the point-cusp field is qualitatively different from and is very large compared with that of the line-cusp field which is nearly equal to the hybrid gyrodiameter 2 ϱ h =2(m e ×m i T e T i ) 1 4 eB .

Anomalous phenomenon in solids described by the TNCF model

AbstractMore than 25 typical experimental data sets of the cold fusion phenomenon have been analyzed phenomenologically by the TNCF (trapped neutron catalyzed fusion) model based on an assumption of the quasi-stable existence of the thermal neutrons in solids with special characteristics, giving a consistent explanation of the whole data set. The densities of the assumed thermal neutron in solids have been determined in the analyses from various experimental data and were in a range of 103 to 1012 cm-3. The success of the analyses verifies the validity of the assumption of the trapped thermal neutron. Physical bases of the model were speculated, facilitating the quasi-stable existence of the thermal neutron in the crystals, thereby satisfying definite conditions.

Analysis of cold fusion experiments generating excess heat, tritium and helium

Abstract The experimental data of the cold fusion phenomena, including the first data of Fleischmmann et al. in 1989 which disclosed the existence of nuclear reactions in the solid at room temperature, were investigated with the trapped neutron catalyzed fusion model. The surprisingly large excess heat and comparatively small amount of tritium and few neutrons measured in the first experiment and the subtle observation of 4 He made later have been explained consistently by nuclear reactions in a Pd cathode surrounded by a surface layer of Li metal and/or PdLi x alloy. The density of the assumed neutron in the model was determined numerically from the experimental data. The possibility of an explosive event as reported in the first paper was recognized as having a very small probability.

Neutron Drop: Condensation of Neutrons in Metal Hydrides and Deuterides

Abstract The possible formation of the neutron drop nA-ZpZ composed of Nn = A - Z neutrons and Np = Z protons in metal hydrides and deuterides is discussed on the basis of experimental facts using the evaporation model of the decay of the compound nucleus. Exotic nuclei and the neutron drop will be formed at a region with a high neutron density in crystals including hydrogen isotopes. Successful explanation of the anomalous nuclear reaction phenomenon in solids by models assuming neutrons in a solid lattice is legitimated.

Nuclear Reactions in Surface Layers of Deuterium-Loaded Solids

AbstractUsing the concept of the neutron Bloch wave presented previously, the possibility of an effective nuclear reaction of a thermal neutron and a nucleus in a boundary region of crystals is determined. Many experimental data of nuclear transmutations in the surface layer or surface region of solid materials loaded with deuterium supposedly induced by nuclear reactions with a thermal neutron are investigated using the nature of the neutron Bloch wave in solids. The physics of the nuclear reaction phenomena is discussed in the trapped neutron catalyzed fusion model.

Excitation of Lower Hybrid Waves in a Coaxial Type Double Plasma

Lower hybrid waves were excited in a coaxial type double plasma device, where their wave vectors were almost perpendicular to the magnetic field. The dispersion relation of the excited waves agrees fairly well with the theoretical one. The waves are effectively excited by the sinusoidal potential differences between the driver and target plasmas without insertion of metal electrodes. The method may be applicable to the plasma heating due to lower hybrid waves in high temperature plasmas.

Parametric Excitations of Ion Plasma Oscillations

Parametric excitations of ion plasma oscillations are investigated by using a simple model based on the modulation of ion density in the uniform electron background. This model is useful to calculate the higher order nonlinear terms, and gives a good interpretation to the new nonlinear phenomena observed in a mercury vapour plasma without magnetic field. The nonlinear effects observed are; (1) the frequency shift and the amplitude increase of the resonant oscillations with increasing of pumping power, (2) the existence of the resonance frequency region, and (3) the asymmetrical parametric excitation with hysteresis.