Hiren M. Divecha

Cardiovascular risk parameters in men with ankylosing spondylitis in comparison with non-inflammatory control subjects: relevance of systemic inflammation

Men with AS (ankylosing spondylitis) are at elevated risk for CHD (coronary heart disease) but information on risk factors is sparse. We compared a range of conventional and novel risk factors in men with AS in comparison with healthy controls and, in particular, determined the influence of systemic inflammation. Twenty-seven men with confirmed AS and 19 controls matched for age were recruited. None of the men was taking lipid-lowering therapy. Risk factors inclusive of plasma lipids, IL-6 (interleukin-6), CRP (C-reactive protein), vWF (von Willebrand factor), fibrin D-dimer, ICAM-1 (intercellular cell-adhesion molecule-1) and fibrinogen were measured, and blood pressure and BMI (body mass index) were determined by standard techniques. A high proportion (70%) of men with AS were smokers compared with 37% of controls (P = 0.024). The AS patients also had a higher BMI. In analyses adjusted for BMI and smoking, men with AS had significantly higher IL-6 and CRP (approx. 9- and 6-fold elevated respectively; P < 0.001), fibrinogen (P = 0.013) and vWF (P = 0.008). Total cholesterol and HDL-C (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) were lower (P < 0.05 and P = 0.073 respectively) in AS and thus the ratio was not different. Pulse pressure was also significantly higher in AS (P = 0.007). Notably, adjustment for IL-6 and CRP levels rendered all case-control risk factor differences, except pulse pressure, non-significant. In accordance with this finding, IL-6 correlated positively (r = 0.74, P < 0.001) with fibrinogen, but negatively (r = -0.46, P = 0.016) with total cholesterol concentration. In conclusion, men with AS have perturbances in several CHD risk factors, which appear to be driven principally by systemic inflammatory mediators. Inflammation-driven atherogenesis potentially contributes to the excess CHD risk in AS.

Ankle injury manipulation before or after X-ray - Does it influence success?

Many acute, deformed ankle injuries are manipulated in the Emergency Department (ED) before X-rays are taken to confirm the nature of the injury. This often occurs in the absence of neurovascular or skin compromise without consideration of other possible injuries such as talar, subtalar or calcaneal injuries. We believe that an inappropriate manipulation of an unknown injury pattern may place the patient at increased risk. A balance needs to be struck between making the correct diagnosis and preventing any further neurovascular or skin compromise. We prospectively reviewed 197 patients admitted to the Royal Blackburn Hospital with acute ankle injuries. Their ED notes were reviewed, specifically assessing whether a manipulation was performed; if so, was it performed before X-rays and the documented reasons. A total of 90 ankle fractures were manipulated and 31 of these were performed before X-ray. One manipulation was performed for vascular compromise, one for nerve symptoms, three for critical skin and 25 for undocumented reasons. Outcomes (re-manipulation, delay to surgery and need for open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF)) were compared between injuries manipulated before or after X-ray. Re-manipulation was found to be significant (44% before X-ray vs. 18% after X-ray; chi-squared test: p=0.03; relative risk (RR)=2.72; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.15-6.44). Delay to surgery and need for ORIF were not statistically different. We conclude that performing ankle injury X-rays before an attempt at manipulation, in the absence of neurovascular deficit or critical skin, may constitute best practice as it provides a better assessment of fracture configuration, guides initial reduction and significantly lowers the risk of re-manipulation and the potential risks associated with sedation without delaying surgery.

Traumatic Isolated Coracoid Fractures in the Adolescent

Coracoid fractures are rare injuries in themselves. Even rarer are isolated fractures of the coracoid in the skeletally immature patient. Due to the low numbers of these fractures, there is no true consensus on how to treat them. We report two cases of an isolated fracture of the coracoid. Case A is a 13-year-old boy who sustained the coracoid fracture following a skiing injury; case B is a 15-year-old boy who fell onto the right shoulder during a wheelbarrow race at school. Initial radiographs in case A suggested a displaced fracture; however, a CT scan taken after a short period of conservative treatment showed minimal displacement. In case B both the radiographs and CT scan showed no displacement. Both injuries were treated conservatively and united uneventfully with a full return to function. We advocate conservative management for these injuries in the skeletally immature patient.

Traumatic Anterior Hip Dislocation in an Adolescent with an Associated Femoral Head âÂÂHill-Sachsâ Type Lesion

Traumatic hip dislocations are uncommon injuries in the paediatric population, requiring urgent reduction to reduce the risk of avascular necrosis. Amongst other associated injuries, fractures of the femoral head, neck or acetabulum can occur. We present the case of a 14 year old boy who sustained a traumatic anterior obturator type hip dislocation with an associated supero-lateral “Hill-Sachs” type indentation osteochondral fracture of the femoral head. He was managed conservatively and by six weeks, was mobilising fully weight bearing unaided. At 17 month follow-up, he remained fully mobile with no complaints. Radiologically, the defect in the femoral head persisted with no evidence of collapse from avascular necrosis. This type of osteochondral fracture associated with hip dislocation has been reported in the adult population, with varying reports of an increased risk of post-traumatic arthritis. The presented case highlights the important role of computed tomography (CT) in assessing these injuries. Furthermore, it brings to light a rare type of injury of the paediatric femoral head that warrants further long-term follow-up studies to determine the associated risk of avascular necrosis, hip instability and post-traumatic arthritis.

Early Periprosthetic Metastasis Following Total Hip Replacement in a Patient With Breast Carcinoma: A Case Report and Review of Literature

Early periprosthetic osteolysis following total hip replacement (THR) as a result of septic etiology has been well understood. Periprosthetic bone loss as a result of metastatic infiltration is an uncommon and infrequent cause of early, progressive loosening of joint replacement prosthesis. Proximal femur has been the most common site of involvement compared to acetabular prosthesis. The rarity of this clinical entity can lead to delay in definitive diagnosis and management, thus affecting the final outcome. Breast is the commonest site of carcinoma in female patients despite which not many cases of periprosthetic metastasis have been reported in the literature. We present the first case of extensive, isolated periacetabular bone destruction following a THR in a 59 years old female patient with a history of breast carcinoma. Patients with known primary malignancy should be screened thoroughly before operation and should be followed regularly after joint replacement surgery to detect any metastatic foci around the prosthesis. Keywords Periprosthetic metastasis; Total hip replacement; Breast carcinoma

Distal Humeral Fixation of an Intramedullary Nail Periprosthetic Fracture

Distal humeral periprosthetic fractures below intramedullary nail devices are complex and challenging to treat, in particular due to the osteopenic/porotic nature of bone found in these patients. Fixation is often difficult to satisfactorily achieve around the intramedullary device, whilst minimising soft tissue disruption. Descriptions of such cases in the current literature are very rare. We present the case of a midshaft humeral fracture treated with a locking compression plate that developed a nonunion, in a 60-year old female. This went on to successful union after exchange for an intramedullary humeral nail. Unfortunately, the patient developed a distal 1/5th humeral periprosthetic fracture, which was then successfully addressed with a single-contoured, extra-articular, distal humeral locking compression plate (Synthes) with unicortical locking screws and cerclage cables proximally around the distal nail tip region. An excellent postoperative range of motion was achieved.