Hiroko Kunitake

Trainee participation is associated with adverse outcomes in emergency general surgery: an analysis of the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database.

Objective:To identify whether resident involvement affects clinically relevant outcomes in emergency general surgery. Background:Previous research has demonstrated a significant impact of trainee participation on outcomes in a broad surgical patient population. Methods:We identified 141,010 patients who underwent emergency general surgery procedures in the 2005–2010 Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. Because of the nonrandom assignment of complex cases to resident participation, patients were matched (1:1) on known risk factors [age, sex, inpatient status, preexisting comorbidities (obesity, diabetes, smoking, alcohol, steroid use, coronary artery disease, chronic renal failure, pulmonary disease)] and preoperatively calculated probability for morbidity and mortality. Clinically relevant outcomes were compared with a t or &khgr;2 test. The impact of resident participation on outcomes was assessed with multivariable regression modeling, adjusting for risk factors and operative time. Results:The most common procedures in the matched cohort (n = 83,790) were appendectomy (39.9%), exploratory laparotomy (8.8%), and adhesiolysis (6.6%). Trainee participation is independently associated with intra- and postoperative events, wound, pulmonary, and venous thromboembolic complications, and urinary tract infections. Conclusions:Trainee participation is associated with adverse outcomes in emergency general surgery procedures.

Caring for Octogenarian and Nonagenarian Patients with Colorectal Cancer: What Should Our Standards and Expectations Be?

PURPOSE: Octogenarians and nonagenarians constitute a rapidly growing segment of patients undergoing colorectal cancer resection. We describe their outcomes in a large population cohort and aim to establish expectations and improvements for their care. METHODS: All patients undergoing surgical resection for colorectal cancer in California (1994–2005) were identified in the California Cancer Registry, which was linked with the California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development Patient Discharge Database and the 2000 United States Census. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine significant outcome predictors. RESULTS: Octogenarians and nonagenarians comprised 26% of all patients undergoing colon cancer resection and 16% of all patients undergoing rectal cancer resection from 1994 to 2005. This cohort had more comorbidities but less distant disease than patients <65 years old (P < .001). Twelve percent of patients with rectal cancer and 17% of patients with colon cancer who were 80 years or older had emergent surgery vs 5% and 12%, respectively, for patients <65 years old (P < .001). Patients 80 years or older had nearly twice the readmission incidence rate (417 readmissions per thousand patient-years) of patients <65 years old. Twenty-seven percent of 90-day readmissions were for surgical complications, 52% of which required a subsequent procedure. Patients 80 years or older had high in-hospital mortality (6%) and one-year mortality (29%). Medical complications, increasing comorbidities, and cancer stage were predictive of in-hospital and 1-year mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Octogenarians and nonagenarians represent a large segment of patients with colorectal cancer undergoing surgical resection with high rates of morbidity, mortality, and readmission. Medical optimization and excellent continuity of care may contribute to improved outcomes following surgery for these complex patients.

Transanal endoscopic microsurgery for rectal tumors: a review.

Since its introduction in 1983, transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) has emerged as a safe and effective method to treat rectal lesions including benign tumors, early rectal cancer, and rectal fistulas and strictures. This minimally invasive technique offers the advantages of superior visualization of the lesion and greater access to proximal lesions with lower margin positivity and specimen fragmentation and lower long-term recurrence rates over traditional transanal excision. In addition, over two decades of scientific data support the use of TEM as a viable alternative to radical excision of the rectum with less morbidity, faster recovery, and greater potential cost savings when performed at specialized centers.

Preoperative infliximab treatment in patients with ulcerative and indeterminate colitis does not increase rate of conversion to emergent and multistep abdominal surgery

IntroductionA recent study has raised concerns that infliximab treatment, by postpoing surgery for ulcerative and indeterminate colitis patients, may result in a greater need for high-risk emergent or multistep surgical procedures (subtotal colectomies). Our aim was to assess whether infliximab exposure affects rates of subotal colectomy in a large cohort of patients.MethodsWe evaluated 171 consecutive patients with ulcerative or indeterminate colitis who had a total proctocolectomy or a subtotal colectomy between 1993 and 2006 for symptoms of unremitting disease. Forty-four patients (25.7%) received infliximab prior to surgery. We compared the surgical procedures employed on these 44 patients to the surgical procedures employed on the 127 non-infliximab patients, using Fisher’s exact or Student’s t test.ResultsInfliximab exposure did not appear to affect the rate of emergent surgery (4.5% vs 4.4%, p = 0.98), rate of subtotal colectomy (19.2% vs. 18.0%, p = 0.99), or rate of ileoanal J pouch reconstruction (53.8% vs. 62%, p = 0.98). Nor did it affect intraoperative findings of perforation, toxic megacolon, and active disease. The infliximab and non-infliximab cohorts were similar in age, Charlson Comorbidity Index, concomitant steroid use, and albumin levels, although infliximab patients had higher rates of concomitant exposure to 6-mercaptopurine (34.1% vs 16.6%, p = 0.02) and azathioprine (40.9% vs 22.6%, p = 0.02).ConclusionInfliximab does not appear to increase rates of emergent surgery or multistep procedures in patients undergoing treatment for ulcerative or indeterminative colitis at our institution.

Post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorder following pediatric heart transplantation

Abstract:  Immunosuppression after heart transplantation is implicated in development of post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD). Despite a higher prevalence of PTLD in children, there is scarce knowledge about incidence, pathophysiologic mechanisms and risk factors for PTLD in pediatric recipients of cardiac allografts. We examined retrospectively the medical records of all 143 pediatric patients (mean age 9.2 ± 6.1 yr) who received donor allografts between 1984 and 2002 and survived over 30 days. Five children (3.5%) developed PTLD over a mean follow‐up period of 41.1 ± 46.0 months. Time from transplant to diagnosis of PTLD ranged from 3.9 to 112 months (mean 48.0 ± 41.9 months). Excluding PTLD, no other malignancies were found in this population. Actuarial freedom from PTLD was 99.2%, 99.2% and 96.2% at 1, 2, and 5 yr, respectively. Children who developed PTLD were more likely (by univariate analysis) to have been Rh negative (p = 0.01), Rh mismatched (p = 0.003), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) seronegative (p = 0.001) and transplanted for congenital heart disease (p < 0.02). PTLD was associated with significant morbidity and mortality with a mean survival following diagnosis of 21.2 months. PTLD is a serious complicating outcome of cardiac transplantation that occurs in approximately 3.5% of children. Aside of immunosuppression, risk factors in this series for developing PTLD include EBV seronegativity and Rh negative status and mismatch. Non‐hematogenous malignancies are rare in light of short allograft half‐life.

Routine Preventive Care and Cancer Surveillance in Long-Term Survivors of Colorectal Cancer: Results From National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Protocol LTS-01

PURPOSE National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) protocol LTS-01 examines routine preventive care and cancer surveillance in long-term colorectal cancer (CRC) survivors previously treated in NSABP adjuvant trials. PATIENTS AND METHODS Long-term CRC survivors (≥5 years) from five completed NSABP trials (Protocols C-05, C-06, C-07, R-02, and R-03) at 60 study sites were recruited and surveyed using preventive health care items from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). A 3:1 comparison cohort case-matched by age, sex, race, and education was created from the 2005 NHIS. Contingency tables and multivariate models were used to compare cohorts and determine predictors of preventive care and cancer surveillance. RESULTS A total of 708 patients in protocol LTS-01 (681 patients with colon cancer, 27 patients with rectal cancer) completed the interview: 57.1% male, mean age 66.2 years (standard deviation=10.6), median survival 8 years. Patients in the LTS-01 protocol were more likely to have a usual source of health care (97.7% v 93.8%, P<.0001), have received a flu shot in the past 12 months (67.5% v 44.3%, P<.0001), and have undergone cancer screening by Pap smear (67.3% v 54.8%, P<.0001), mammogram (80.4% v 70.7%, P<.0001), and prostate-specific antigen test (84.5% v 74.5%, P<.0001) than patients in the NHIS cohort. For CRC surveillance, 96.5% of patients in protocol LTS-01 had a colonoscopy, 88.2% had a carcinoembryonic antigen test, and 66.4% had a computed tomography scan in the previous 5 years. Health insurance was the best predictor of cancer screening for all three methods (odds ratio=2.6 to 4.5). No factor was uniformly associated with CRC surveillance. CONCLUSION This select population of long-term CRC survivors who participated in clinical trials achieved better routine preventive care and cancer screening than the general population and high rates of cancer surveillance.

Risk Stratification for Surgical Site Infections in Colon Cancer

Importance Surgical site infections (SSIs) feature prominently in surgical quality improvement and pay-for-performance measures. Multiple approaches are used to prevent or reduce SSIs, prompted by the heavy toll they take on patients and health care budgets. Surgery for colon cancer is not an exception. Objective To identify a risk stratification score based on baseline and operative characteristics. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective cohort study included all patients treated surgically for colon cancer at Massachusetts General Hospital from 2004 through 2014 (n = 1481). Main Outcomes and Measures The incidence of SSI stratified over baseline and perioperative factors was compared and compounded in a risk score. Results Among the 1481 participants, 90 (6.1%) had SSI. Median (IQR) age was 66.9 (55.9-78.1) years. Surgical site infection rates were significantly higher among people who smoked (7.4% vs 4.8%; P = .04), people who abused alcohol (10.6% vs 5.7%; P = .04), people with type 2 diabetics (8.8% vs 5.5%; P = .046), and obese patients (11.7% vs 4.0%; P < .001). Surgical site infection rates were also higher among patients with an operation duration longer than 140 minutes (7.5% vs 5.0%; P = .05) and in nonlaparoscopic approaches (clinically significant only, 6.7% vs 4.1%; P = .07). These risk factors were also associated with an increase in SSI rates as a compounded score (P < .001). Patients with 1 or fewer risk factors (n = 427) had an SSI rate of 2.3%, equivalent to a relative risk of 0.4 (95% CI, 0.16-0.57; P < .001); patients with 2 risk factors (n = 445) had a 5.2% SSI rate (relative risk, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.49-1.22; P = .27); patients with 3 factors (n = 384) had a 7.8% SSI rate (relative risk, 1.38; 95% CI, 0.91-2.11; P = .13); and patients with 4 or more risk factors (n = 198) had a 13.6% SSI rate (relative risk, 2.71; 95% CI, 1.77-4.12; P < .001). Conclusions and Relevance This SSI risk assessment factor provides a simple tool using readily available characteristics to stratify patients by SSI risk and identify patients at risk during their postoperative admission. Thereby, it can be used to potentially focus frequent monitoring and more aggressive preventive efforts on high-risk patients.

Postoperative Venous Thromboembolism in Patients Undergoing Abdominal Surgery for IBD: A Common but Rarely Addressed Problem.

BACKGROUND: Venous thromboembolism after abdominal surgery occurs in 2% to 3% of patients with Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. However, no evidence-based guidelines currently exist to guide postdischarge prophylactic anticoagulation. OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine the use of postoperative postdischarge venous thromboembolism chemical prophylaxis, 90-day venous thromboembolism rates, and factors associated with 90-day thromboembolic events in IBD patients following abdominal surgery. DESIGN: This was a retrospective evaluation of an administrative database. DATA SOURCE: Data were obtained from Optum Labs Data Warehouse, a large administrative database containing claims on privately insured and Medicare Advantage enrollees. PATIENTS: Seven thousand seventy-eight patients undergoing surgery for Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis were included in the study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary outcomes were rates of postdischarge venous thromboembolism prophylaxis and 90-day rates of postdischarge thromboembolic events. In addition, patient clinical characteristics were identified to determine predictors of postdischarge venous thromboembolism. RESULTS: Postdischarge chemical prophylaxis was given to only 0.6% of patients in the study. Two hundred thirty-five patients (3.3%) developed a postdischarge thromboembolic complication. Postdischarge thromboembolism was more common in patients with ulcerative colitis than with Crohn’s disease (5.8% vs 2.3%; p < 0.001). Increased rates of venous thromboembolism were seen in patients undergoing colectomy or proctectomy with simultaneous stoma creation compared with colectomy or proctectomy alone (5.8% vs 2.1%; p < 0.001). The strongest predictors of thromboembolic complications were stoma creation (adjusted OR, 1.95; 95% CI, 1.34–2.84), J-pouch reconstruction (adjusted OR, 2.66; 95% CI, 1.65–4.29), preoperative prednisone use (adjusted OR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.19–2.08), and longer length of stay (adjusted OR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.41–2.52). LIMITATIONS: This study is limited by its retrospective design. CONCLUSIONS: The use of postdischarge venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in this patient sample was infrequent. Development of evidence-based guidelines, particularly for high-risk patients, should be considered to improve the outcomes of IBD patients undergoing abdominal surgery.

Complications Following Anorectal Surgery

Anorectal surgery is well tolerated. Rates of minor complications are relatively high, but major postoperative complications are uncommon. Prompt identification of postoperative complications is necessary to avoid significant patient morbidity. The most common acute complications include bleeding, infection, and urinary retention. Pelvic sepsis, while may result in dramatic morbidity and even mortality, is relatively rare. The most feared long-term complications include fecal incontinence, anal stenosis, and chronic pelvic pain.

Venous Thromboembolism after Inpatient Surgery in Administrative Data vs NSQIP: A Multi-Institutional Study

BACKGROUND Previous studies have documented significant differences between administrative data and registry data in the determination of postoperative venous thromboembolism (VTE). The goal of this study was to characterize the discordance between administrative and registry data in the determination of postoperative VTE. STUDY DESIGN This study was performed using data from the American College of Surgeons NSQIP merged with administrative data from 8 different hospitals (5 different medical centers) between 2013 and 2015. Occurrences of postoperative vein thrombosis (VT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) as ascertained by administrative data and NSQIP data were compared. In each situation where the 2 sources disagreed (discordance), a 2-clinician chart review was performed to characterize the reasons for discordance. RESULTS The cohort used for analysis included 43,336 patients, of which 53.3% were female and the mean age was 59.5 years. Concordance between administrative and NSQIP data was worse for VT (κ 0.57; 95% CI 0.51 to 0.62) than for PE (κ 0.83; 95% CI 0.78 to 0.89). A total of 136 cases of discordance were noted in the assessment of VT; of these, 50 (37%) were explained by differences in the criteria used by administrative vs NSQIP systems. In the assessment of postoperative PE, administrative data had a higher accuracy than NSQIP data (odds ratio for accuracy 2.86; 95% CI 1.11 to 7.14) when compared with the 2-clinician chart review. CONCLUSIONS This study identifies significant problems in ability of both NSQIP and administrative data to assess postoperative VT/PE. Administrative data functioned more accurately than NSQIP data in the identification of postoperative PE. The mechanisms used to translate VTE measurement into quality improvement should be standardized and improved.