Hiroko Takano

Quantitative cellular evaluation of conjunctival squamous metaplasia in the dry eye patient

Cytology can be used to evaluate ocular surface changes in patients with dry eye. For example, impression cytology of the conjunctiva has been utilized as a diagnostic tool to examine for possible alterations in both the number of goblet cells and appearance of squamous cells1,2. However, although this cytologic technique detects goblet cells and keratinized cells effectively, it is sometimes difficult to observe their morphologic details and to evaluate them quantitatively, because of the overlapping of cells. For the objective assessment of dry eye conditions, it is necessary to accurately visualize and quantitate ocular surface alterations at the cellular level.

The Increase of the Blink Interval in Ophthalmic Procedures

It has been previously reported1–3 that the blink interval increases while using a visual display terminal and that this response could lead to a dry eye condition. During ophthalmologic examinations and surgical procedures, some clinicians experience an ocular burning sensation or visual blurriness. This may be due to the development of dry eye conditions. In this study, we measured the blink interval of ophthalmologists during surgical and clinical procedures.

Micropores in the Vitteline Layer of the Eggs of the Dragonfly Oligoaeshna pryeri: A Preliminary Observation from the Viewpoint of Oxygen Uptake

In dragonfly eggs, oxygen diffusing in, and carbon dioxide diffusing out, encounter barriers in the shell.According to Tullett and Board, in avian eggs the most important of these barriers results from the geometry of the pores through the shells. As in birds, dragonfly egg shells consist of three layers: the exochorion, endochorion and the innermost vitelline membrane. Trueman has described pores and fine anchorlike structures in the endochorion but the vitelline membrane does not seem to have been studied. In the present work we have used scanning electron microscopy to examine the vitelline membrane in hatching eggs of Oligoaeschna pryeri. We have assumed that the numerous openings seen on the micrographs are pores through the membrane.Results are expressed as means ± SD. The pore diameter, pore area and number per µm2 of the vitelline membrane were 74.7 ± 61.3 nm, 4380 ± 3555 nm2 and 4.16 ±1.3 pores/µm2 (4.16 x108 pores/cm2), respectively. The total pore area was calculated to be 18,222 nm2/ µm(2). In avian egg shells pore density depends on the weight of the egg. Results given by Tullett and Board suggest that an egg weighing 1 g may have a pore density of 300 pores/cm2, which is much lower than the present result for dragonflies. It seems likely that the difference reflects the fact that in Oligoaeshna pryeri the eggs are immersed in water.