Hirotaka Aoki

Gaze typing compared with input by head and hand

This paper investigates the usability of gaze-typing systems for disabled people in a broad perspective that takes into account the usage scenarios and the particular users that these systems benefit. Design goals for a gaze-typing system are identified: productivity above 25 words per minute, robust tracking, high availability, and support of multimodal input. A detailed investigation of the efficiency and user satisfaction with a Danish and a Japanese gaze-typing system compares it to head- and mouse (hand) - typing. We found gaze typing to be more erroneous than the other two modalities. Gaze typing was just as fast as head typing, and both were slower than mouse (hand-) typing. Possibilities for design improvements are discussed.

Gaze Interaction and Applications of Eye Tracking: Advances in Assistive Technologies

Gaze Interaction and Applications of Eye Tracking: Advances in Assistive Technologies focuses on interactive communication and control tools based on gaze tracking, including eye typing, computer control, and gaming, with special attention to assistive technologies. For researchers and practitioners interested in the applied use of gaze tracking, the book offers instructions for building a basic eye tracker from off-the-shelf components, gives practical hints on building interactive applications, presents smooth and efficient interaction techniques, and summarizes the results of effective research on cutting edge gaze interaction applications.

A comparative usability study of two Japanese gaze typing systems

The complex interplay between gaze tracker accuracy and interface design is the focus of this paper. Two slightly different variants of GazeTalk, a hierarchical typing interface, were contrasted with a novel interface, Dasher, in which text entry is done by continuous navigation. All of the interfaces were tested with a good and a deliberate bad calibration of the tracker. The purpose was to investigate, if performance indices normally used for evaluation of typing systems, such as characters per minute (CPM) and error-rate, could differentiate between the conditions, and thus guide an iterative system development of both trackers and interfaces. Gaze typing with one version of the static, hierarchical menu systems was slightly faster than the others. Error measures, in terms of rate of backspacing, were also significantly different for the systems, while the deliberate bad tracker calibrations did not have any measurable effect. Learning effects were evident under all conditions. Power-law-of-practice learning models suggested that Dasher might be more efficient than GazeTalk in the long run.

A Method to Detect Problems in Information Display Design of Fast Food Restaurants Based on Customers’ Eye Movement Data

This paper discusses a gaze-based method to find design problems in a Japanese UDON restaurant. The gaze-based method proposed is based on video-recorded customers’ behavior while staying at a restaurant as well as their eye movement data. In the method, the eye movement data are interpreted with their relations to customers’ task contexts. A series of experiments were conducted in which customers’ eye movement data as well as their behavior while staying at a Japanese UDON restaurant named Hanamaru Udon (including entering, ordering, paying and eating) were recorded in real store conditions. Based on the data, we are now conducting comparative analysis of each customer’s tendency of attention allocation processes to infer possible design problems. In this paper, we present some of analysis results obtained from our on-going data analysis.

Eye Tracking-Based Reverse Inference Approach for Design of Restaurant Information Display

This paper develops an eye tracking-based reverse inference approach to find possible solutions for effective information display design in restaurant contexts. In the approach developed, the “reverse inference” in which eye tracking data are interpreted based on a pre-determined analysis framework, is emphasized. A series of observations were conducted in which customers’ eye movement data and their behavior while staying at a Japanese UDON restaurant named Hanamaru Udon were recorded in real working conditions. The recorded data include typical procedures at a restaurant such as entering, ordering, paying and eating). Based on the data, preliminary analysis in which the developed approach is adopted are carried out. In this paper, we present some of analysis results obtained from our on-going data analysis.