Hitoshi Kitagawa

Evaluation of the Clinical Efficacy of Benazepril in the Treatment of Chronic Renal Insufficiency in Cats

BACKGROUND Chronic renal insufficiency (CRI) is a common disease in cats. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) have beneficial effects in humans with CRI by reducing the loss of protein in the urine and increasing life expectancy. HYPOTHESIS The ACEI benazepril has beneficial effects on survival, clinical variables, or both as compared with placebo in cats with CRI. ANIMALS 61 cats with naturally occurring CRI. METHODS The cats were enrolled into a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Cats received placebo or 0.5-1 mg/kg benazepril once daily for up to 6 months. RESULTS Urine protein/urine creatinine ratios were significantly (P < .05) lower with benazepril as compared with placebo at days 120 and 180. Three cats with placebo and 1 cat with benazepril were removed prematurely from the study because of deterioration of CRI or death. Cats were classified into 4 stages of CRI according to the International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) classification scheme. Incidence rates of cats with IRIS classification stage 2 or stage 3 that remained in stage 2 or 3 without progressing to stage 4 were higher with benazepril (93 +/- 5%) as compared with placebo (73 +/- 13%). CLINICAL IMPORTANCE These results suggest a potential for benazepril to delay the progression of disease, extend survival time, or both in cats with CRI.

Seroepidemiological investigation of feline chlamydiosis in cats and humans in Japan.

The prevalence of chlamydia antibodies in Japan was investigated in 215 cat sera, consisting of 88 sera of stray cats and 127 sera of pet cats, and 2,184 human sera, taken from 2,003 general persons and 181 small animal clinic veterinarians, by microimmunofluorescence (MIF) testing with Chlamydia psittaci Fe/Pn1 of feline origin and Prk/6BC of avian origin as antigens. The prevalence rates of anti‐Fe/Pn1 antibodies were 45.5% in stray cats, 17.3% in pet cats, 1.7% in general persons and 8.8% in small animal clinic veterinarians. The prevalence rates of anti‐Prk/6BC antibodies were 51.1% in stray cats, 15.0% in pet cats, 3.1% in general persons and 5.0% in small animal clinic veterinarians. These results suggested that feline chlamydia infection is widely spread in cats especially in stray cats in Japan, and suggested that feline chlamydiosis could be transmitted to people who are in close contact with infected cats.

Detection of canine pemphigus foliaceus autoantigen by immunoblotting

The antigens targeted by autoantibodies in sera from canine patients with pemphigus foliaceus (PF) were detected by indirect immunofluorescence and Western immunoblotting. The extracted proteins from canine keratinocytes cultured in high-calcium condition for 48 h after confluency and from bovine nose epidermis were used as antigens in Western blotting. Canine keratinocytes cultured in high-calcium condition showed fluorescent deposits in intercellular spaces by incubation with sera from both canine and human pemphigus patients. By Western blotting, eight out of 16 canine PF sera recognised 160 kDa protein. 85 kDa and 120 kDa proteins were also recognised by four to five canine PF sera, respectively. The 160 kDa band, recognised by eight canine PF sera, had an identical mobility to the protein identified by a human PF serum. These results suggested that the autoantibodies in sera from canine PF recognised the 160 kDa desmosomal proteins, which may correspond to the desmoglein 1.

Pathological changes of renal tubular dysplasia in Japanese Black cattle

Pathological studies were conducted on 91 Japanese Black cattle with a hereditary disease which induced growth retardation, long hooves and renal failure. In calves one to two months old, no gross abnormalities were observed in the kidneys, but microscopical examinations revealed immature epithelia which were arranged irregularly and not attached to the basement membranes in some proximal tubules. In animals three to 36 months old, the kidneys had shrunk perceptibly and had grey-white radial streaks; microscopically they showed severe interstitial fibrosis with round-cell infiltration in the outer zone of the medulla and cortex, and reductions in the numbers of glomeruli and tubules. In the fibrotic areas there were immature epithelia with an irregular arrangement, and the basement membrane of the tubules was thickened. It was concluded that renal tubular dysplasia was the primary lesion of the disease, and that interstitial fibrosis and reductions in the numbers of nephrons were secondary lesions.

Clinical features of renal tubular dysplasia, a new hereditary disease in Japanese Black cattle

A new hereditary disease characterised by renal failure, poor growth and long hooves in Japanese Black cattle (wagyu) has been recognised in a region of central Japan since 1990. The number of calves affected has increased gradually, with the incidence reaching 17 of 485 (3.51 per cent) in 1995. Almost all the calves were slightly undersized at birth, and repeatedly had diarrhoea during the neonatal period. They began to show signs of growth retardation with proportional body and elongation of the hooves from about two to five months of age, but they had an almost normal or only slightly decreased appetite. The concentrations of urea nitrogen, creatinine and inorganic phosphorus in serum were high, and the affected calves excreted diluted urine frequently. Among 25 cases, the urine of 21 contained occult blood, 24 contained protein and two contained glucose. In 29 calves observed for 30 to 130 days, the course of the disease varied; in 21 of them it remained unchanged, six became gradually worse and two became severely debilitated and died. The disease was diagnosed as renal tubular dysplasia by histopathological examination.

Assignment of the SLA alleles and reproductive potential of selective breeding Duroc pig lines.

Abstract:  Background:  Pigs with defined swine leukocyte antigen (SLA) haplotypes and their detailed information are useful for transplantation and immunological studies. We developed two herds of SLA homozygous Duroc pigs with novel SLA haplotypes and characterized their reproductive potential.

Homozygosity mapping of the locus responsible for renal tubular dysplasia of cattle on bovine Chromosome 1

Abstract. Renal tubular dysplasia is a hereditary disease of Japanese black cattle showing renal failure and growth retardation with an autosomal recessive trait. In the present study, we mapped the locus responsible for the disease (RTD) by linkage analysis with an inbred paternal half-sib pedigree obtained from commercial herds. By analyzing segregation of microsatellite markers in the half-sibs, significant linkage was observed between the RTD locus and markers on bovine Chromosome (Chr) 1 with the highest lod score of 11.4. Homozygosity mapping with the inbred pedigree further defined the localization of the RTD locus in a 4-cM region between microsatellite markers BMS4003 and INRA119. Mapping of the RTD locus on bovine Chr 1 will facilitate cloning and characterization of the gene responsible for this disease.

Inheritance of renal tubular dysplasia in Japanese Black cattle

Correspondence to Dr Kitagawa A RENAL disease combined with growth retardation and overgrown hooves has been observed in Japanese Black beef cattle in central Japan since 1990 (Ohba and others 2001). The incidence rate was reported to be 3-51 per cent among newborn animals in 1995. The onset of clinical signs is at approximately three months of age or later, and the disease is chronic. The meat of affected cattle is condemned because of uraemia, causing large economic losses. The main lesion is found in the kidneys (Sasaki and others 2001). The primary lesion is a dysplasia of epithelial cells at the renal proximal tubules in younger calves, followed by interstitial fibrosis with a reduction in the numbers of glomeruli and tubules in older cattle; therefore, the disease was named renal tubular dysplasia (RTD). Epidemiological and clinical investigations (Ohba and others 2001) have suggested that the disease is caused by consanguineous mating. In order to determine genetic factors of the disease, pedigree and medical records were collected for more than 1000 cattle which were related to affected animals. This short communication reports the results of the genetic analysis of the pedigrees of cattle affected with RTD. Between June 1992 and October 1996, a total of 78 Japanese Black cattle (45 males and 33 females) were diagnosed by histopathology to be suffering from RTD in Gifu Prefecture. The pedigree and medical records of the affected cattle and their relatives were collected. Records of 38 pedigrees covering 1109 cattle, including the 78 affected calves, were used for analyses. The coefficient of inbreeding was calculated by the tabular method (Tier 1990), using the records of 17 sires and pedigrees of 15 animals with RTD, covering 89 cattle. The level of statistical significance was set at P<0-05. Values were expressed as means (se). In analysing the difference in the numbers of male and female affected cattle, 78 calves (45 males and 33 female) affected with RTD and 246 of their siblings were used. To analyse how well the simple autosomal recessive genetic hypothesis for inheritance fitted, the chi-squared test was used on the records of 30 cattle affected with RTD and 91 of their siblings. To confirm whether the RTD trait was inherited as a simple autosomal recessiveness, the chi-squared test was also used for the mating results. To calculate a gene frequency, 3465 cattle, including 72 calves with RTD, were chosen, and it was assumed that the population was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The chi-squared test was also used to analyse whether the observed number of newborns affected with RTD agreed with the expected number of offspring produced by mating between carriers of RTD in the carrier sires and their offspring assumed to be in the HardyWeinberg equilibrium. The calculation of significance followed a two-sample t test with Welchs correction. Fig 1 shows the pedigrees of the 78 cattle with RTD. Most affected calves were born from matings between sire B and its half-sisters (mating pattern III, 70 per cent) or sire A and its granddaughters (mating pattern II, 15 per cent). The calves of sire A showed excellent marbling, a desirable characteristic. All the affected calves had a common ancestor, sire C. From examining beef medical records for the 78 cattle affected with RTD, it was found that the parents had no clinical problems during their lifetimes, or physical or laboratory abnormalities, such as uraemia, associated with RTD. The average inbreeding coefficients of RTD (n=66) and normal calves Number of I I I I I I

Renal reabsorption of magnesium and calcium by cattle with renal tubular dysplasia

The concentrations of magnesium and calcium in the serum and urine and their rates of clearance were determined in cattle with renal tubular dysplasia, an autosomal recessive hereditary disease associated with a deletion of the paracellin-1 gene in Japanese Black cattle. There were no significant differences in the serum or urine magnesium concentrations between normal cattle and cattle which were heterozygous or homozygous for the condition. Serum calcium concentrations tended to be lower in the homozygous cattle, and the serum creatinine and urea nitrogen concentrations were significantly higher in the homozygous cattle. The ratio of magnesium:creatinine and the fractional excretion of magnesium were higher in cattle with the disease than in normal cattle. There were no significant differences in urine calcium concentration, the calcium:creatinine ratio, and fractional excretion of calcium between normal cattle and cattle which were homozygous or heterozygous for the condition. The creatinine clearance was significantly lower in the homozygous cattle than in normal cattle. The clearance, excretion rate, reabsorption rate and reabsorption rate:clearance ratio of magnesium in cattle with renal tubular dysplasia were significantly lower than in normal cattle. The clearance rate and reabsorption rate of calcium were also significantly lower in the affected cattle, but the excretion rate and reabsorption rate:clearance of calcium were not different between the normal cattle and the cattle homozygous for the condition. In cattle with the condition the rate of reabsorption of magnesium by the kidneys was low, but the rate of reabsorption of calcium was normal.

Characterization of swine leukocyte antigen alleles and haplotypes on a novel miniature pig line, Microminipig

Microminipigs are extremely small-sized, novel miniature pigs that were recently developed for medical research. The inbred Microminipigs with defined swine leukocyte antigen (SLA) haplotypes are expected to be useful for allo- and xenotransplantation studies and also for association analyses between SLA haplotypes and immunological traits. To establish SLA-defined Microminipig lines, we characterized the polymorphic SLA alleles for three class I (SLA-1, SLA-2 and SLA-3) and two class II (SLA-DRB1 and SLA-DQB1) genes of 14 parental Microminipigs using a high-resolution nucleotide sequence-based typing method. Eleven class I and II haplotypes, including three recombinant haplotypes, were found in the offspring of the parental Microminipigs. Two class I and class II haplotypes, Hp-31.0 (SLA-1*1502-SLA-3*070102-SLA-2*1601) and Hp-0.37 (SLA-DRB1*0701-SLA-DQB1*0502), are novel and have not so far been reported in other pig breeds. Crossover regions were defined by the analysis of 22 microsatellite markers within the SLA class III region of three recombinant haplotypes. The SLA allele and haplotype information of Microminipigs in this study will be useful to establish SLA homozygous lines including three recombinants for transplantation and immunological studies.