Ho Ran Park

Relationships between Parenting Behavior, Parenting Efficacy, Adaptation Stress and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder among Mothers who Defected from North Korean

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between parenting behavior, parenting efficacy, adaptation stress and PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder) among mothers who have defected from North Korean. Methods: A descriptive study was conducted to illustrate the parenting behavior, parenting efficacy, adaptation stress and PTSD and report the relationships among them. Data were collected between August and November of 2009 in Hanawon and 105 mothers who met eligibility criteria participated in the study. Results: Ignorant/controlling parenting behavior of parenting showed the highest score in our study. The level of parenting efficacy was 2.72±0.36 and adaptation stress level was 3.35±0.47 showing perceived hostility the highest and homesickness the lowest. Participants with moderate to severe PTSD accounted for 79.5% of the mothers, and 75% of them reported symptoms for 3 months or more. Authoritative parenting behavior showed negative relationships with parenting efficacy, cultural crisis and fear, adaptation stress and PTSD. Conclusion: Mothers who have defected from showed negative parenting behaviors and high adaptation stress level and PTSD while parenting efficacy was high. These findings indicate that parenting intervention programs which can guide these mothers towards positive parenting behaviors need to be developed.Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between parenting behavior, parenting efficacy, adaptation stress and PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder) among mothers who have defected from North Korean. Methods: A descriptive study was conducted to illustrate the parenting behavior, parenting efficacy, adaptation stress and PTSD and report the relationships among them. Data were collected between August and November of 2009 in Hanawon and 105 mothers who met eligibility criteria participated in the study. Results: Ignorant/controlling parenting behavior of parenting showed the highest score in our study. The level of parenting efficacy was and adaptation stress level was showing perceived hostility the highest and homesickness the lowest. Participants with moderate to severe PTSD accounted for 79.5% of the mothers, and 75% of them reported symptoms for 3 months or more. Authoritative parenting behavior showed negative relationships with parenting efficacy, cultural crisis and fear, adaptation stress and PTSD. Conclusion: Mothers who have defected from showed negative parenting behaviors and high adaptation stress level and PTSD while parenting efficacy was high. These findings indicate that parenting intervention programs which can guide these mothers towards positive parenting behaviors need to be developed.

Predictors of Resilience in Adolescents with Leukemia

PURPOSEnThe purpose of this study was to identify the factors relating to resilience for adolescents with leukemia and examine the relationship between these factors.nnnMETHODSnFrom June to September in 2014, 199 adolescents aged 11 to 21 participated in the study as they visited the out-patient clinic at C university hospital for follow-up care. To verify the predictors and the effects of resilience, uncertainty, symptom distress, perceived social support, spiritual perspective, defensive coping, courageous coping, hope, and self-transcendence were measured. Collected data were analyzed using hierarchical regression analysis with the SAS statistics program.nnnRESULTSnThe final regression model showed that courageous coping, hope, and self-transcendence were significant predictors related to resilience in adolescents with leukemia and explained for 63% of the variance in resilience.nnnCONCLUSIONnThe findings indicate that adolescent-oriented intervention programs enhancing courageous coping, hope, and self-transcendence should be provide for adolescents with leukemia in order to overcome illness-related stress and support physical, psychological and social adjustment.

Endotracheal Colonization and Ventilator-associated Pneumonia in Mechanically Ventilated Patients according to Type of Endotracheal Suction System

PURPOSEnThis study was conducted to identify endotracheal colonization and the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia related to the type of endotracheal suction system.nnnMETHODSnThe participants in this study were ICU patients hospitalized between October 2009 to March 2010 who used ventilators for over 48 hr with closed (CSS, n=30) or open (OSS, n=32) suction systems. To standardize the pre-intervention suction system, a suctioning protocol was taught to the ICU nurses. Collected data were analyzed using Χ(2)-test, Fishers exact test, Wilcoxon rank sums test, Wilcoxon test, Log-rank test and Poisson regression.nnnRESULTSnEndotracheal colonization was higher in OSS than CSS from day 1 to day 8 while using a ventilator and there was a significant difference between the two groups. The CSS reached 50% of endotracheal colonization by the 4th day, whereas for the OSS, it was the 2nd day (p=.04). The incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia showed no significant difference.nnnCONCLUSIONnFor patients with a high risk of pneumonia, CSS must be used to lower endotracheal colonization.

Development and Effects of a Health Education Program for North Korean Preschool Defectors

PURPOSEnThis study was conducted to develop a health education program for preschoolers who have defected from North Korea with their mothers, and to evaluate the effects on health knowledge and behavior.nnnMETHODSnA non-equivalent control group pre-post test design was used with 58 preschoolers who were assigned to either the experimental or control group (29 for each group). The program was composed of five sessions in health education and contracts. To test the effectiveness of the intervention, health knowledge and behaviors, and total bacterial colony counts on hands were measured at one pretest and two post tests (1 week and 4 weeks after the intervention ended). Data were analyzed using the SAS program.nnnRESULTSnHealth knowledge and behavior in the experimental group increased significantly compared to the control group. The effects of the intervention were evident even at 4 weeks after the intervention ended. Total bacterial colony counts in the experimental group decreased significantly at the 1 and 4 week posttest intervention compared to the control group.nnnCONCLUSIONnResults indicate that this program is effective in improving health knowledge and behavior in these children and therefore can be utilized to ensure efficient management their health care.

Effects of Art Intervention Program for Siblings of Children With Cancer: A Pilot Study

Siblings of children with cancer often experience negative feelings, and art intervention can help them express their feelings and overcome hardships. This study aimed to develop an Art Intervention Program to improve the psychological adaptation of siblings of children with cancer and to evaluate its effects. Participants were seventeen 7- to 10-year-old siblings of children with cancer. The program comprised 12 sessions conducted once a week. The effects of the intervention were assessed in terms of self-esteem, anxiety, depression, and problem behavior. Self-esteem significantly improved after intervention compared with pretest. Children showed improved scores in externalizing problems and total behavior problems; however, anxiety and depression did not change. The study results indicated that the art intervention program helped improve the self-esteem and helped reduce somatic symptoms, aggressiveness, externalizing problems, and emotional instability among problem behaviors of siblings of children with cancer. However, the study was limited by its small sample size and the lack of a control group. Therefore, the study design allows no firm conclusions, and a randomized controlled trial is needed to investigate the effectiveness of the program.

Structural Equation Model of Health-Related Quality of Life in School Age Children with Asthma

PURPOSEnThis study aimed to construct and test a hypothetical model of the quality of life of school-age children with asthma based on the health-related quality of life model by Wilson and Cleary.nnnMETHODSnData were collected from 205 pairs of pediatric outpatients diagnosed with asthma and their parents in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do from July 2016 to April 2017. The exogenous variables were asthma knowledge, number of accompanying allergic diseases, and social support. The endogenous variables were asthma self-efficacy, asthma symptom control, perceived health status, parental quality of life, and childrens quality of life. For data analysis, descriptive statistics, factor analysis, and structural equation modeling were performed.nnnRESULTSnEighteen of the twenty-four hypotheses selected for the hypothetical model were attentive and supported statistically. Quality of life was explained by asthma self-efficacy, asthma symptom control, perceived health, parental quality of life, and asthma knowledge with 83.5%.nnnCONCLUSIONnStrategies for promoting self-efficacy and enforcing asthma knowledge will be helpful for the improvement of health-related quality of life with school-aged asthmatic children.

Perception on Parental Coping on Unintentional Injury of Their Early Infants and Toddlers: Q Methodological Approach

PURPOSEnThe purpose of this study was to identify parental coping strategies in the face of early infant and toddler injury, and to provide basic data for a parental education program and the most desirable directions it should take.nnnMETHODSnA Q-methodology to analyze the subjectivity of each item was used. Thirty-four Q-statements were derived from a literature review and interviews. Forty-seven parents were classified into a shape of normal distribution using a 9-point scale. Collected data were analyzed by the pc-QUANL program.nnnRESULTSnFive types of parental coping in early infant and toddler injury were identified. Type I was hospital treatment focused, type II was Improving the safety of the childs environment, type III was expression of negative emotion, type IV was taking the lead in problem solving, and type V was Interrogating the person in charge of the situation in which the injury occurred.nnnCONCLUSIONnThe results of this study indicate that different approaches to educational programs can be used for parents in early childhood injury.