Homero Delboni Júnior

Illusory reconciliation: the importance of sample representativeness

In the mining industry, reconciliation can be defined as the practice of comparing the tonnage and average grade of ore predicted by the geological model with the tonnage and grade generated by the processing or metallurgical plant. This practice has shown an increasing importance, since, when correctly executed, it increases short-term planning reliability and substantially reduces losses in the operation. However, the usefulness of reconciliation relies on the quality and reliability of the input data. Successful reconciliation can be illusory. In many cases, errors at one point of the process are offset by errors at other points, resulting in excellent reconciliation results. However, this fact can hide compensating errors in the system that may surface someday. Very often sampling errors can be masked and may lead to erroneous analysis of the reconciliation system, generating serious consequences to the operation, especially when mining reaches poorer or more heterogeneous areas of the deposit. Since good estimation is only possible with correct sampling practices, the reliability in the reconciliation results depends on the representativeness of the samples that generated them. This work analyzes the sampling practices carried out at Maraca Mine for reconciliation purposes. Results show that the apparently good reconciliation between the mine and the plant is in fact illusory, consequence of the compensation of many sampling errors generated by the collection of the primary samples at the mine.

Simulation of the Mineração Serra Grande Industrial Grinding Circuit

Increasing throughput during the mining cycle operation frequently generates significant capital gains for a company. However, it is necessary to evaluate plant capacity and expand it for obtaining the required throughput increase. Therefore, studies including different scenarios, installation of new equipment and/or optimization of existing ones are required. This study describes the sampling methodology, sample characterization, modeling and simulation of Mineração Serra Grande industrial grinding circuit, an AngloGold Ashanti company, located in Crixás, State of Goiás, Brazil. The studied scenarios were: (1) adding a third ball mill in series with existing two ball mills, (2) adding a third ball mill in parallel with existing mills, (3) adding a vertical mill in series with existing mills and (4) adding high pressure grinding rolls to existing mills. The four simulations were carried out for designing the respective circuit, assessing the interference with existing equipment and installations, as well as comparing the energy consumption among the selected expansion alternatives. Apart from the HPGR alternative, all other three simulations resulted in the required P80 and capacity. Among the three selected simulations, the Vertimill alternative showed the smallest installed power.

Modelling and Simulation of the Santa Rita Mine Milling Circuit

The Santa Rita Mine, located in the State of Bahia, was the first Mirabela Mineracao operation in Brazil. Started in 2009, the nickel sulphide processing plant has undergone constant modifications, aiming to adapt to the changes in the ore. Main modifications included autogenous grinding converted to semi-autogenous, as well as the installation of a desliming stage aiming to remove ultrafine minerals which reduced the nickel recovery in flotation. A full survey and ore characterization campaign was carried out to assess alternatives for increasing grinding circuit capacity. Experimental data were balanced and used to calibrate mathematical models which were the basis for simulation exercises. This paper describes the main aspects related to circuit modeling and simulation, as well as assessing alternatives for increasing the grinding circuit capacity.

Development of ball mill test for simulation of industrial circuit

The Bond method for ball mil designing has been used for 60 years. Based on the Work Index test, such method is applied mostly in traditional circuit configuration, which includes multi-staged crushing, followed by rod and ball milling. On the other hand, simulation is a widespread and used technique for comminution, classification modeling, and simulation. Even though both methods are complementary, there is no effective integration between them. This work shows a technique designed to integrate both energy and modeling approaches for estimating and improving ball mill grinding performance. The work is based on industrial data survey results, as well as on laboratory testing, the latter developed specifically for such a purpose. The technique was validated under an industrial environment for assessing the obtained results.

Performance analysis of the HRCTM HPGR in pilot plant

A pilot scale test program was conducted to evaluate the size reduction performance of HPGR (High Pressure Grinding Rolls) operating in different circuit configurations. For this purpose a series of pilot-HPGR locked cycle tests were performed with medium and high pressures to simulate the HPGR operation in closed circuit with a screen, with partial product recycle, and with edge recycle. Logged instrumentation data such as roller speed, working gap, operating pressure, and power draw were used in combination with material test results such as particle size distributions, flake density, flake thickness, and bulk density of the feed for calculation of HPGR operational parameters. The paper reports the results from the pilot HPGR test work. The analysis reported herein includes an evaluation and comparison of different circuit configurations of the HPGR operation in terms of energy consumption, capacity and product fineness and also discusses the benefits of various circuit arrangements.

Comminution circuits for compact itabirites

In the beneficiation of compact Itabirites, crushing and grinding account for major operational and capital costs. As such, the study and development of comminution circuits have a fundamental importance for feasibility and optimization of compact Itabirite beneficiation. This work makes a comparison between comminution circuits for compact Itabirites from the Iron Quadrangle. The circuits developed are: a crushing and ball mill circuit (CB), a SAG mill and ball mill circuit (SAB) and a single stage SAG mill circuit (SSSAG). For the SAB circuit, the use of pebble crushing is analyzed (SABC). An industrial circuit for 25 million tons of run of mine was developed for each route from tests on a pilot scale (grinding) and industrial scale. The energy consumption obtained for grinding in the pilot tests was compared with that reported by Donda and Bond. The SSSAG route had the lowest energy consumption, 11.8kWh/t and the SAB route had the highest energy consumption, 15.8kWh/t. The CB and SABC routes had a similar energy consumption of 14.4 kWh/t and 14.5 kWh/t respectively.

Escrubagem da Bauxita de Paragominas - PA. parte 2: modelagem matemática

The aim of this study was to model the bauxite scrubbing of bauxite samples from Miltonia 3, a Vale operation at Para state, Brazil. The experimental program included the design of a standard laboratory test, from which parameters were derived for predicting the operation of a scrubber in steady state conditions. The amount of fines was determined through screening both feed and product of the scrubbing test. The former was considered as a material characteristic, while the second was the dependent variable, i.e. the result of the scrubbing process. An empirical model was developed according to which the load fraction was found to be the most important variable for the scrubbing process. Residence time was also included in the model due to its importance in designing scrubbers for industrial plants. To validate the model, a comprehensive pilot plant program was carried out with the same bauxite sample from Miltonia 3 deposit used in the laboratory investigations. The comparison between experimental data and model’s calculated values indicated a good agreement, as most values were within a ±10% deviation range.

Escrubagem da bauxita de Paragominas - PA: Parte 1: influência de variáveis operacionais na desagregação da bauxita

The aim of this study was to investigate the bauxite scrubbing process on samples from Miltonia 3, a Vale operation in the State of Para, Brazil. The experimental program included the design of a standard laboratory test, from which parameters were derived for predicting the operation of a scrubber in steady state conditions. Three main variables were selected for the laboratory experimental program using the factorial design technique. These were load fraction, residence time and rotation speed. The amount of fines was determined through screening both the feed and the product of the scrubbing test. The former was considered to be a characteristic material, while the second was the dependent variable, i.e. the result of the scrubbing process. According to experiments, the load fraction was the most important variable for the scrubbing process.

Influência da função distribuição de quebra na modelagem e simulação do circuito de moagem de Carajás: parte 2 - simulação

Using the previously described method for appearance function determination, described in Part 1 of this article, the breakage characterization of the main Carajas ore types was carried out. Based on such characteristics, the ball mill circuit performance was evaluated through simulations. The model described in the fi rst part was used. The results were assessed by comparing ball mill products and cyclone overfl ow size distribution, as well as simulated recirculating loads. The simulations indicated the potential for processing such ore types at the Carajas grinding circuit, which until now was unknown.

Influência da função distribuição de quebra na modelagem e simulação do circuito de moagem de Carajás - Parte 1 - ajuste de modelos

O modelo de misturador perfeito (PMM) leva em conta, tanto as caracteristicas do equipamento, como as do minerio. As caracteristicas do minerio sao representadas pela funcao distribuicao de quebra. Tal funcao pode ser determinada atraves de um metodo laboratorial proposto pelo JKMRC ou de funcoes padronizadas. O presente trabalho descreve o processo de modelagem matematica do circuito de moagem de Carajas, utilizando o software JKSimMet. Como resultado, foi possivel avaliar a qualidade do ajuste do modelo em dois cenarios: 1) utilizando a funcao distribuicao de quebra-padrao do programa; 2) utilizando a funcao distribuicao de quebra determinada para a alimentacao do circuito de moagem. A partir desta analise, determinou-se, no ajuste do PMM e, em particular, na funcao taxa de quebra ou cinetica de fragmentacao, a influencia da funcao distribuicao.