Howard N. Anderson

Discrimination by olfactory cues in albino rats reflecting familiarity and relatedness among conspecifics.

The present investigation sought to determine whether albino rat pups could discriminate among familiar siblings, nonfamiliar siblings, familiar nonsiblings (foster littermates), and nonfamiliar nonsiblings (unrelated agemates) using only olfactory cues. Pairing all possible combinations of familiarity and kinship variables (six), the odors were presented in paired combinations to each of twelve experimental subjects. Results from dependent t tests indicated that the albino rat pups could discriminate between the following pairs of odors using only the olfactory sensory modality: (a) familial siblings and nonfamiliar siblings, (t = 3.41, p = .006); (b) familiar siblings and nonfamiliar nonsiblings, (t = 9.62, p = .001); (c) nonfamiliar siblings and nonfamiliar nonsiblings, (t = 3.15, p = .009); and (d) familiar nonsiblings and nonfamiliar nonsiblings (t = 2.58, p = .026).

Relationship between contrived in vivo and role-play assertive behavior.

Used a 2 (High or Low Assertive) x 2 (Role-Play or Contrived In Vivo) design to investigate the external validity of role-play (N = 32). The Conflict Resolution Inventory was used as the selection device. Results indicated a positive relationship between self-report scores and role-play behavior. They also indicated that self-report scores were not predictive of behavior in the contrived in vivo condition; moreover, assertion was enhanced in the role-play condition, while the converse occurred in the contrived in vivo condition. The results indicate that generalizations to more naturalistic settings based upon role-play or self-report scores must be made with caution.

LOCUS OF CONTROL AND ASSERTION

Two separate replications were conducted to (a) examine the relationship among three popular assertions and (b) to test the hypothesis that subjects classified as internal subjects on Rotters I-E scale would score higher than external subjects on the assertion inventories. Subjects were undergraduates in psychology classes. Moderate to high correlations among the inventories were obtained, and internality was related to assertion.

Assessment of type A behavior in children: a comparison of two instruments.

Abstract The agreement of classifications yielded from two instruments used to assess childrens Type A-Type B behavior, the Matthews Youth Test for Health (MYTH) and Hunter-Wolf (HWolf), was evaluated with a sample of rural children from the southern United States. Fifth grade children (N = 276) served as subjects. MYTH and HWolf scores were found to be only weakly correlated and the agreement of Type A-Type B classifications occurred at a rate only slightly above chance. To assess the psychometric properties of the instruments, both were subjected to factor analysis and reliability/internal consistency estimates were obtained and compared with previous results. A factor structure remarkably similar to that of previous reports was found for the MYTH but not the HWolf. The results closely parallel those of another recent report and provide further support for the recommendation that these instruments should not be considered interchangeable measures of Type A behavior and that when multiple measures canno...

Situational and Dispositional Social Cues That Define the Machiavellian Orientation

Abstract Situational and dispositional social cues present in high and low Machiavellian individuals were investigated in an attempt to distinguish these two types. Students from a coeducational university in the southeastern United States were administered the Mach V Scale, Rotter I-E Scale, Lennox-Wolfe Self-Monitoring Scale, and the Bem Androgyny Scale in small groups. Results of a stepwise discriminant analysis indicated that five variables combined to yield a successful discrimination between the groups. The classification analysis revealed successful classification of 85% of the high Mach individuals, although only 50% of the low Mach individuals were correctly classified. These findings suggest the need to reexamine the characteristics of the low Mach individual in order to define them more clearly.

The AAMD Adaptive Behavior Scale Norm Referenced for Deaf-Blind Individuals: Application and Implication

Part One of the AAMD Adaptive Behavior Scale was completed for 77 deaf-blind individuals between the ages of 3 and 21 years. The completed Scales were grouped by age into five categories. Domain and Item means and standard deviations were computed for the total group and for the five age groups. Norm-referenced tables, based on age, were constructed along the format displayed in the 1975 version of the AAMD ABS Manual. Individual Items means were analyzed to discern Item effect on Domain Scores. Results indicated that the ABS does identify multi-dimensional aspects of the daily behaviors exhibited by a deaf-blind population. The large disparity found between Domain Scores of the deaf-blind sample and the AAMD normative sample, however, disallows a valid comparative interpretation for this population. The utility of the ABS was shown to be greatly enhanced when norm-reference, age functioning levels were computed for this multihandicapped population. Further implications for use of the ABS are discussed.

The Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery-Children's Revision: Discrimination between Learning-Disabled and Slow-Learner Children

The ability of the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery-Childrens Revision (LNNB-CR) to discriminate learning disabled (N = 27) and slow-learner (N = 14) students and to discriminate these groups when variance associated with IQ was controlled was examined. Also, the regression formula for diagnosis of brain damage, calculated from standardization data, was employed to determine the percentage of each group classified as brain damaged. Results indicated that the LNNB-CR discriminated between groups with 93% correct classification; three subscales contributed significantly to the discrimination: Intelligence, Motor, and Tactile. Univariate analyses of variance indicated significant differences between groups on the subscales of Motor, Writing, Arithmetic, and Intelligence. No significant differences were evidenced between groups with FSIQ covaried. Using the regression formula established with the standardization data, 100% of the slow-learner group and 78% of the learning-disabled group were labeled as brain damaged. The results suggest that the LNNB-CR does not provide additional information beyond that obtained through traditional psychoeducational assessment. The LNNB-CR is likely to overclassify mildly handicapped children as brain damaged.

California psychological inventory profiles of peer-nominated assertives, unassertives, and aggressives

Examined the California Psychological Inventory (CPI) profiles of peer-nominated assertives , unassertives , and aggressives . Eighty males from two social fraternities peer-nominated assertives , unassertives and aggressives . The nomination procedure yielded 12 nominees per group. A profile analysis of the CPI indicated that assertives and aggressives were significantly more similar than were assertives and unassertives , and unassertives and aggressives . Results of a subscale analysis indicated that assertives and aggressives were significantly higher on Dominance, Capacity for Status, Sociability, and Social Presence than Unassertives , but were not significantly different from each other on these subscales. Also, assertives were significantly higher on Socialization, Self-Control, and Achievement via Conformance than were aggressives . Finally, assertives were significantly higher on Achievement via Conformance than were unassertives and aggressives . Implications are discussed.

PERSONALITY CORRELATES OF STUDENTS' PATTERNS OF CHANGING ANSWERS ON MULTIPLE-CHOICE TESTS

For 65 students in two undergraduate courses in adolescent psychology, both (a) number of changes of multiple-choice answers and (b) improvement were calculated and correlated with demographic and some personality variables (depression, anxiety, assertion, introversion-extroversion). Changing answers enhanced scores for most students. A students and assertive students changed significantly fewer answers. Using a multiple regression procedure the four best predictors of number of changes, respectively, were the Lie scale of the Eysenck Personality Inventory, assertiveness, course grade, and depression; the three best predictors of improvement in order were the Lie scale, marital status, and assertiveness.

A Comparison of the Slosson Intelligence Test and the WISC-R with Elementary School Children.

The WISC-R and the Slosson Intelligence Test (SIT) were given to 69 randomly selected children in grades one through six in an urban school system. A regression equation for predicting WISC-R full scale IQ from SIT was developed. Previous studies had reported that SIT IQs tended to be consistently higher than WISC-R IQs. The present study revealed that SIT IQs were considerably higher than WISC-R IQs in the upper range and slightly lower in the lower range. A possible reason for the discrepancy is that the present study used a normal population and previous studies used restricted ranges. It was concluded that the SIT provides a good estimate of WISC-R full scale IQs when a regression equation is used. It was recommended, however, that educational placement decisions should not be made on the basis of any single IQ measure.