Hua-yin Yu

Use, Costs and Comparative Effectiveness of Robotic Assisted, Laparoscopic and Open Urological Surgery

PURPOSE Although robotic assisted laparoscopic surgery has been aggressively marketed and rapidly adopted, there are few comparative effectiveness studies that support its purported advantages compared to open and laparoscopic surgery. We used a population based approach to assess use, costs and outcomes of robotic assisted laparoscopic surgery vs laparoscopic surgery and open surgery for common robotic assisted urological procedures. MATERIALS AND METHODS From the Nationwide Inpatient Sample we identified the most common urological robotic assisted laparoscopic surgery procedures during the last quarter of 2008 as radical prostatectomy, nephrectomy, partial nephrectomy and pyeloplasty. Robotic assisted laparoscopic surgery, laparoscopic surgery and open surgery use, costs and inpatient outcomes were compared using propensity score methods. RESULTS Robotic assisted laparoscopic surgery was performed for 52.7% of radical prostatectomies, 27.3% of pyeloplasties, 11.5% of partial nephrectomies and 2.3% of nephrectomies. For radical prostatectomy robotic assisted laparoscopic surgery was more prevalent than open surgery among white patients in high volume, urban hospitals (all p≤0.015). Geographic variations were found in the use of robotic assisted laparoscopic surgery vs open surgery. Robotic assisted laparoscopic surgery and laparoscopic surgery vs open surgery were associated with shorter length of stay for all procedures, with robotic assisted laparoscopic surgery being the shortest for radical prostatectomy and partial nephrectomy (all p<0.001). For most procedures robotic assisted laparoscopic surgery and laparoscopic surgery vs open surgery resulted in fewer deaths, complications, transfusions and more routine discharges. However, robotic assisted laparoscopic surgery was more costly than laparoscopic surgery and open surgery for most procedures. CONCLUSIONS While robotic assisted and laparoscopic surgery are associated with fewer deaths, complications, transfusions and shorter length of hospital stay compared to open surgery, robotic assisted laparoscopic surgery is more costly than laparoscopic and open surgery. Additional studies are needed to better delineate the comparative and cost-effectiveness of robotic assisted laparoscopic surgery relative to laparoscopic surgery and open surgery.

Comparative Analysis of Outcomes and Costs Following Open Radical Cystectomy Versus Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Radical Cystectomy: Results From the US Nationwide Inpatient Sample

BACKGROUND Although robot-assisted laparoscopic radical cystectomy (RARC) was first reported in 2003 and has gained popularity, comparisons with open radical cystectomy (ORC) are limited to reports from high-volume referral centers. OBJECTIVE To compare population-based perioperative outcomes and costs of ORC and RARC. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A retrospective observational cohort study using the US Nationwide Inpatient Sample to characterize 2009 RARC compared with ORC use and outcomes. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Propensity score methods were used to compare inpatient morbidity and mortality, lengths of stay, and costs. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS We identified 1444 ORCs and 224 RARCs. Women were less likely to undergo RARC than ORC (9.8% compared with 15.5%, p = 0.048), and 95.7% of RARCs and 73.9% of ORCs were performed at teaching hospitals (p<0.001). In adjusted analyses, subjects undergoing RARC compared with ORC experienced fewer inpatient complications (49.1% and 63.8%, p = 0.035) and fewer deaths (0% and 2.5%, p<0.001). RARC compared with ORC was associated with lower parenteral nutrition use (6.4% and 13.3%, p = 0.046); however, there was no difference in length of stay. RARC compared with ORC was

Temporal National Trends of Minimally Invasive and Retropubic Radical Prostatectomy Outcomes from 2003 to 2007: Results from the 100% Medicare Sample

3797 more costly (p = 0.023). Limitations include retrospective design, absence of tumor characteristics, and lack of outcomes beyond hospital discharge. CONCLUSIONS RARC is associated with lower parenteral nutrition use and fewer inpatient complications and deaths. However, lengths of stay are similar, and the robotic approach is significantly more costly.

Hospital volume, utilization, costs and outcomes of robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy.

BACKGROUND Although the use of minimally invasive radical prostatectomy (MIRP) has increased, there are few comprehensive population-based studies assessing temporal trends and outcomes relative to retropubic radical prostatectomy (RRP). OBJECTIVE Assess temporal trends in the utilization and outcomes of MIRP and RRP among US Medicare beneficiaries from 2003 to 2007. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A population-based retrospective study of 19 594 MIRP and 58 638 RRP procedures was performed from 2003 to 2007 from the 100% Medicare sample, composed of almost all US men ≥ 65 yr of age. INTERVENTION MIRP and RRP. MEASUREMENTS We measured 30-d outcomes (cardiac, respiratory, vascular, genitourinary, miscellaneous medical, miscellaneous surgical, wound complications, blood transfusions, and death), cystography utilization within 6 wk of surgery, and late complications (anastomotic stricture, ureteral complications, rectourethral fistulae, lymphocele, and corrective incontinence surgery). RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS From 2003 to 2007, MIRP increased from 4.9% to 44.5% of radical prostatectomies while RRP decreased from 89.4% to 52.9%. MIRP versus RRP subjects were younger (p<0.001) and had fewer comorbidities (p<0.001). Decreased MIRP genitourinary complications (6.2-4.1%; p = 0.002), miscellaneous surgical complications (4.7-3.7%; p=0.030), transfusions (3.5-2.2%; p=0.005), and postoperative cystography utilization (40.3-34.1%; p<0.001) were observed over time. Conversely, overall RRP perioperative complications increased (27.4-32.0%; p<0.001), including an increase in perioperative mortality (0.5-0.8%, p=0.009). Late RRP complications increased, with the exception of fewer anastomotic strictures (10.2-8.8%; p=0.002). In adjusted analyses, RRP versus MIRP was associated with increased 30-d mortality (odds ratio [OR]: 2.67; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.55-4.59; p<0.001) and more perioperative (OR: 1.60; 95% CI, 1.45-1.76; p<0.001) and late complications (OR: 2.52; 95% CI, 2.20-2.89; p<0.001). Limitations include the inability to distinguish MIRP with versus without robotic assistance and also the lack of pathologic information. CONCLUSIONS From 2003 to 2007, there were fewer MIRP transfusions, genitourinary complications, and miscellaneous surgical complications, whereas most RRP perioperative and late complications increased. RRP versus MIRP was associated with more postoperative mortality and complications.

Stepwise Approach for Nerve Sparing Without Countertraction During Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy: Technique and Outcomes

PURPOSE Although robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy has been aggressively marketed and rapidly adopted, there is a paucity of population based utilization, outcome and cost data. High vs low volume hospitals have better outcomes for open and minimally invasive radical prostatectomy (robotic or laparoscopic) but to our knowledge volume outcomes effects for robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy alone have not been studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS We characterized robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy outcome by hospital volume using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample during the last quarter of 2008. Propensity scoring methods were used to assess outcomes and costs. RESULTS At high volume hospitals robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy was more likely to be done on men who were white with an income in the highest quartile and age less than 50 years than at low volume hospitals (each p <0.01). Hospitals at above the 50th volume percentile were less likely to show miscellaneous medical and overall complications (p = 0.01). Low vs high volume hospitals had longer mean length of stay (1.9 vs 1.6 days) and incurred higher median costs (

The current status of robotic oncologic surgery

12,754 vs

Hospital Surgical Volume, Utilization, Costs and Outcomes of Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection for Testis Cancer

8,623, each p <0.01). CONCLUSIONS Demographic differences exist in robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy patient populations between high and low volume hospitals. Higher volume hospitals showed fewer complications and lower costs than low volume hospitals on a national basis. These findings support referral to high volume centers for robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy to decrease complications and costs.

Partial Clamping of the Renal Artery During Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy: Technique and Initial Outcomes

BACKGROUND Although subtle technical variation affects potency preservation during robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RARP), most prostatectomy studies focus on achieving the optimal anatomic nerve-sparing dissection plane. However, the impact of active assistant/surgeon neurovascular bundle (NVB) countertraction on sexual function outcomes has not been studied or quantified. OBJECTIVE To illustrate technique and compare sexual function outcomes for nerve sparing without (NS-0C) versus with (NS-C) assistant and/or surgeon NVB countertraction. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This is a retrospective study of 342 NS-0C versus 268 NS-C RARP procedures performed between August 2008 and February 2011. SURGICAL PROCEDURE RARP. MEASUREMENTS We used the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC) sexual function and potency scores, estimated blood loss (EBL), operative time, and positive surgical margin (PSM). RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS In unadjusted analysis, men undergoing NS-0C versus NS-C were older, had worse baseline sexual function, higher biopsy and pathologic Gleason grade, and higher preoperative prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels (all p ≤ 0.023). However, NS-0C versus NS-C was associated with higher 5-mo sexual function scores (20 vs 10; p < 0.001), and this difference was accentuated for bilateral intrafascial nerve sparing in preoperatively potent men (35.8 vs 16.6; p < 0.001). Similarly, 5-mo potency for preoperatively potent men was better with bilateral intrafascial NS-0C versus NS-C (45.0% vs 28.4%; p = 0.039). However, no difference in sexual function or potency was observed at 12 mo. In adjusted analyses, NS-0C versus NS-C was associated with improved 5-mo sexual function (parameter estimate: 10.90; standard error: 2.16; p < 0.001) and potency (odds ratio: 1.69; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-2.83; p = 0.046). NS-0C versus NS-WC was associated with shorter operative times (p = 0.001) and higher EBL (p = 0.001); however, there were no significant differences in PSM. Limitations include the retrospective, single-surgeon study design and smaller numbers for 12-mo comparison. CONCLUSIONS Reliance on countertraction to facilitate dissecting NVB away from the prostate leads to neuropraxia and delayed recovery of sexual function and potency. Subtle technical modification to dissect the prostate away from the NVB without countertraction enables earlier return of sexual function and potency.

Health services research in urology

Answer questions and earn CME/CNE

948 OPTIMAL TIMING OF EARLY VERSUS DELAYED ADJUVANT RADIOTHERAPY FOLLOWING RADICAL PROSTATECTOMY FOR LOCALLY ADVANCED PROSTATE CANCER

Objectives. Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) outcomes for testis cancer originate mostly from single-center series. We characterized population-based utilization, costs, and outcomes and assessed whether higher volume affects outcomes. Methods and Materials. Using the US Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 2001–2008, we identified 993 RPLND and used propensity score methods to assess utilization, costs, and inpatient outcomes based on hospital surgical volume. Results. 51.6% of RPLND were performed at hospitals where there were two or fewer cases per year. RPLND was more commonly performed at large urban teaching hospitals, where men were younger, more likely to be white and earning incomes exceeding the 50th percentile (all P ≤ .05). Higher hospital volumes were associated with fewer complications and more routine home discharges (all P ≤ .047). However, higher volume hospitals had more transfusions (P = .004) and incurred