Hugh Rudnick

Marginal pricing and supplement cost allocation in transmission open access

The application of marginal costing to transmission pricing in open access schemes requires the collection of a supplement to finance the transmission systems. The paper describes the application of marginal cost based pricing in the Chilean power system and the difficulties faced in allocating the supplement among parties involved. Alternative methods for defining the allocation are formulated. Generalized generation and load distribution factors for cost allocation are formulated and implemented. The methods are applied to allocate payments for transmission services provided by the transmission network and by a distribution company. >

Delivering clean and pure power

There are two approaches to the mitigation of power quality problems. The first approach is called load conditioning, which ensures that the equipment is made less sensitive to power disturbances, allowing the operation even under significant voltage distortion. The other solution is to install line-conditioning systems that suppress or counteract the power system disturbances. Among the different new technical options available to improve power quality, active power filters have proved to be an important and flexible alternative to compensate for current and voltage disturbances in power distribution systems. Power filter topologies are discussed including shunt active filter, series active filters, series-shunt active filters, and hybrid active filters. New topologies using multilevel inverters are also discussed.

Renewable Energy in the Context of Sustainable Development

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Economically adapted transmission systems in open access schemes-application of genetic algorithms

A dynamic transmission planning methodology using a genetic algorithm is formulated for the purpose of determining an economically adapted electric transmission system in a deregulated open access environment. Transmission investment sensitivity information linked to short term marginal income is used. A computer program is developed and applied to obtain a long range adapted transmission grid for the Chilean electrical system. Two open access pricing methodologies are evaluated in a spot price framework, as applied to the adapted grid over the time horizon.

Evaluation of alternatives for power system coordination and pooling in a competitive environment

The paper defines and classifies essential issues that relate the need for electric power system coordination with the increasing development of competition. Principles are formulated and a coordination model and a market structure are proposed, emphasizing the need for economic dispatch in the wholesale market. A detailed comparison is made of the market and pooling implementations developed in Argentina and Chile, countries that have pioneered the creation of competitive markets in the electric energy sector. An evaluation of strengths and weaknesses of those two implementations is included.

DEA efficiency for the determination of the electric power distribution added value

The application of data-envelopment analysis methodology is formulated as a tool to determine the distribution added value required in the tariff fixation processes of electrical power distribution that use the concept of model firm as a regulatory basis. In order to increase the reliability of the obtained results, a bootstrap technique is applied. Its application is illustrated within the framework of the latest regulatory process in Chile.

Large-Scale Distribution Planning—Part I: Simultaneous Network and Transformer Optimization

This paper is the first of two and presents a planning methodology for low-voltage distribution networks. Combined optimization of transformers and associated networks is performed, considering the street layout which connects the different consumers. In this first part, micro-optimization, the planning zone is divided into small zones, mini-zones, which are optimized independently. A repetitive procedure is used in order to locate transformers using clustering techniques. Optimum capacity, customers to be satisfied, the optimum network to be used and losses associated to this network are determined for each location. The methodology is applied over an area of 12.9 km2 with nearly 20 215 consumers. In the second paper, two macro-optimization methodologies are discussed based on the planning results for each mini-zone, one based on the Voronoi polygons in order to improve load grouping into mini-zones and the other based on the combination of neighboring networks into a single transformer by means of a Tabu search. Finally, the methodology is applied to a zone with a surface of 2118 km2 and approximately 1300 000 customers.

International power system transmission open access experience

Power system transmission open access (TOA) is continuing to change the traditional concepts and approaches to providing electric service in many nations. TOA is discussed within the context of regulated cost-of-service markets and fully competitive markets. TOA format, associated implementation issues, and international experiences are also presented. >

Pioneering electricity reform in South America

The transformation in the electric energy sector in South America began in 1982, when Chile formalized an electric power reorganization. Argentina followed suit in 1992, then Peru in 1993, Bolivia and Colombia in 1994, and finally, Brazil and Venezuela. This article discusses the restructuring of power sectors in South America and Europe, and gives a viewpoint on the computerized grid-control needed in the new deregulated regimes.

Congestion management and transmission rights in centralized electric markets

A new congestion management system is proposed, applied under nodal and zonal dispatches with implementation of fixed transmission rights (FTR) and flowgate rights (FGR), respectively. The FTR model proves to be especially suitable for congestion management in deregulated centralized market structures with nodal dispatch, while the FGR is suitable for decentralized markets. The main contribution of this work is a nontraditional valuation of FGR under a centralized market, such as those present in Latin America, that builds a link between both transmission rights under the same market structure. To accomplish that, a computational model is developed, implementing marginal theory where congestion components are introduced in the pricing model. An application to the Chilean Central Interconnected System indicates that FGR presents advantages over FTR regarding signals on grid use, but its application results in complications that make its implementation unattractive.