Hugo H. Montaldo

Evaluation of heat stress effects on production traits and somatic cell score of Holsteins in a temperate environment

This study was aimed to evaluate the degree of thermal stress exhibited by Holsteins under a continental temperate climate. Milk, fat, protein, and somatic cell count test-day records collected between 2000 and 2011 from 23,963 cows in 604 herds were combined with meteorological data from 14 public weather stations in Luxembourg. Daily values of 6 different thermal indices (TI) weighted in term of temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, and wind speed were calculated by averaging hourly TI over 24h. Heat stress thresholds were first identified by a broken-line regression model. Regression models were thereafter applied to quantify milk production losses due to heat stress. The tipping points at which milk and protein yields declined were effectively identified. For fat yield, no valid threshold was identified for any of the studied TI. Daily fat yields tended to decrease steadily with increasing values of TI. Daily somatic cell score patterns were marked by increased values at both lowest and highest TI ranges, with a more pronounced reaction to cold stress for apparent temperature indices. Thresholds differed between TI and traits. For production traits, they ranged from 62 (TI(1)) to 80 (TI(3)) for temperature-humidity indices (THI) and from 16 (TI(5)) to 20 (TI(6)) for apparent temperature indices. Corresponding somatic cell score thresholds were higher and ranged from 66 (TI(1)) to 82 (TI(3)) and from 20 (TI(5)) to 23 (TI(6)), respectively. The largest milk decline per unit of mild, moderate, and extreme heat stress levels of 0.164, 0.356, and 0.955 kg, respectively, was observed when using the conventional THI (TI(1)). The highest yearly milk, fat, and protein losses of 54, 5.7, and 4.2 kg, respectively, were detected by TI(2), the THI index that is adjusted for wind speed and solar radiation. The latter index could be considered as the best indicator of heat stress to be used for forecast and herd management in a first step in temperate regions under anticipated climate changes.

Genetic group, age and season effects on lactation curve shape in goats

Abstract Monthly records from 1525 lactations obtained from a stall fed herd in Mexico, were used to estimate lactation curves with the Wood model (Yd = adb e−cd, where Yd is production in day d, e is the base of natural logarithms and a, b and c are the parameters to be estimated), within genetic group × age × season combination, for several characteristics of lactation curves. Genetic group 1 ( 1 2 to 15 16 crosses of Alpine, Saanen and Toggenburg X local Mexican goats) had significantly greater values for a, maximum production, average daily production, persistency 1 (100∗ average production/maximum milk production), persistency2 (100∗ cumulated milk production for days 201–300/cumulated milk production for days 101–200), and average milk production and was lower for b and c than genetic group 2 ( 1 2 to 15 16 crosses of Granadina and Nubian X local Mexican goats). Two and 3 year old goats had flatter curves of lactation with higher persistency than older goats, but the effect was different by genetic group. Goats kidding in season 1 (November–February) had lower peak production and more persistency than goats kidding in season 2 (March–October). Initial production advantage of season 2 over 1 was greater in genetic group 1 than in group 2. It is concluded that genotype, age and season affect the characteristics of lactation curve in goats. Significant interactions of genetic group × age and genetic group × season on various measures of the lactation curve shape were found. Results suggest differential physiological responses in each genotype to season and age effects.

Performance of local goats and their backcrosses with several breeds in Mexico

Performance data of goats raised in a stall-fed system in northern Mexico (n = 1424) were analysed in order to compare highgrade (goats with ⩾ 15/16 of any breed) and low-grade (goats with ⩽ 7/8 of any breed) crosses of Alpine, Granadina, Nubian, Saanen and Toggenburg sires with local Mexican goats. Alpine, Saanen and Toggenburg crosses had greater milk production, lactation length and efficiency (milk production/post-kidding body weight) than Granadina and Nubian crosses or local does (P < 0.05). High-grade Saanen were superior to low-grade Saanen for milk production and lactation length (P < 0.05). Average increases for milk production, lactation length and efficiency over local goats for low-grade Alpine, Saanen and Toggenburg were 46%, 10% and 41% respectively; similar figures for high-grade were 60%, 19% and 50%, respectively. Post-kidding body weight was 8% greater in Nubian and Saanen than in Toggenburg crosses (P < 0.05). Alpine had a litter weight at birth 18% greater than Granadina (P < 0.05). Effects of year, season and age affected significantly (P < 0.05) most characteristics studied. Goats with two or more kids at birth had greater milk production, efficiency and body weight (P < 0.05) than goats with one kid.

Genetic and environmental parameters for milk production, udder health, and fertility traits in Mexican Holstein cows

Genetic and phenotypic parameters for Mexican Holstein cows were estimated for first- to third-parity cows with records from 1998 to 2003 (n=2,971-15,927) for 305-d mature equivalent milk production (MEM), fat production (MEF), and protein production (MEP), somatic cell score (SCS), subsequent calving interval (CAI), and age at first calving (AFC). Genetic parameters were obtained by average information matrix-REML methodology using 6-trait (first-parity data) and 5-trait (second- and third-parity data) animal models. Heritability estimates for production traits were between 0.17+/-0.02 and 0.23+/-0.02 for first- and second-parity cows and between 0.12+/-0.03 and 0.13+/-0.03 for third-parity cows. Heritability estimates for SCS were similar for all parities (0.10+/-0.02 to 0.11+/-0.03). For CAI, estimates of heritability were 0.01+/-0.05 for third-parity cows and 0.02+/-0.02 for second-parity cows. The heritability for AFC was moderate (0.28+/-0.03). No unfavorable estimates of correlations were found among MEM, MEF, MEP, CAI, and SCS. Estimates of environmental and phenotypic correlations were large and positive among production traits; favorable between SCS and CAI; slightly favorable between MEM, MEF, and MEP and SCS, between AFC and SCS, and between SCS and CAI; and small but unfavorable between production traits and CAI. Estimates of genetic variation and heritability indicate that selection would result in genetic improvement of production traits, AFC, and SCS. Estimates of both heritability and genetic variation for CAI were small, which indicates that genetic improvement would be difficult.

Breed differences over time and heritability estimates for production and reproduction traits of dairy goats in the United States

To aid in improvement of breeding programs for production and reproduction traits of US dairy goats, breed differences over time were documented and genetic parameters were estimated. Data were from herds with ≥2 breeds (Alpine, LaMancha, Nubian, Oberhasli, Saanen, or Toggenburg), but only purebred data were analyzed. Three kidding periods were examined: 1976 through 1984, 1985 through 1994, and 1995 through 2005. Univariate repeatability mixed models were used to estimate least squares means by kidding period-breed and genetic parameters for milk, fat, and protein yields, combined fat and protein yield, fat and protein percentages, protein:fat ratio, age at first kidding, and kidding interval. Trends across kidding periods were favorable for most yield traits for all breeds but generally unfavorable for reproduction traits. Saanens had the highest milk (1,063 to 1,125 kg) and protein yields (31 to 33 kg). Nubians had the highest fat yields (37 to 40 kg) and lowest milk yields (791 to 851 kg). Oberhaslis had the lowest fat (31 to 33 kg) and protein (23 to 27 kg) yields. Alpines had the largest increase in milk yield (7.4%); Oberhaslis had the largest increase in protein (17.4%) and combined fat and protein (13.2%) yields. Combined fat and protein yield was higher for Nubians, Saanens, and Alpines (65 to 72 kg) than for LaManchas, Toggenburgs, and Oberhaslis (53 to 67 kg). Nubians had the highest fat (4.7 to 4.8%) and protein (3.6 to 3.8%) percentages. Only Nubians increased in fat percentage (2.1%); protein percentage increased most for Toggenburgs (7.4%) and Alpines (7.1%). Protein:fat ratio was highest for Toggenburgs (0.84 to 0.89) and lowest for Nubians (0.76 to 0.81), but Nubians had the largest increase in protein:fat ratio (6.6%). Saanens were oldest at first kidding (509 to 589 d), and Toggenburgs and LaManchas generally were youngest (435 to 545 d); age at first kidding increased most for Alpines (21.8%) and LaManchas (21.6%). Kidding intervals generally were shorter for Oberhaslis, LaManchas, and Nubians (350 to 377 d) than for Toggenburgs, Alpines, and Saanens (373 to 387 d). Kidding interval increased most for Nubians (3.9%) and Saanens (3.8%) and decreased only for Oberhaslis (5.4%). Heritability estimates across breeds were 0.35 for milk and fat yields, 0.37 for protein yield and protein:fat ratio, 0.36 for combined fat and protein yield, 0.52 for fat percentage, 0.54 for protein percentage, 0.23 for age at first kidding, and 0.05 for kidding interval. Genetic selection within breed is feasible for production and reproduction traits of US dairy goats.

Short communication: Genetic and environmental relationships between milk yield and kidding interval in dairy goats

First-parity 305-d milk yield and intervals between first and second kiddings from 1975 through 2005 were analyzed to estimate genetic and environmental parameters for United States Alpine, LaMancha, Nubian, Saanen, and Toggenburg dairy goats. The data set included 43,612 does with first-parity milk yield and 25,863 does with first kidding interval. Parameters were estimated by REML using bivariate mixed models within and across breeds. Fixed effects were month and herd-year of kidding within breed and month and breed-herd-year of kidding across breeds. Random effects were animal and residual. The heritability estimate for first-parity milk yield was 0.36+/-0.01 across breeds and ranged from 0.35 to 0.38 within breed; heritability for first kidding interval was 0.05+/-0.01 across breeds and ranged from 0.00 to 0.15 within breed. The estimate of the genetic correlation between first-parity milk yield and first kidding interval was positive (unfavorable) across breeds (0.35+/-0.09). Estimates of environmental correlations within and across breeds were positive (0.16-0.25). The presence of unfavorable genetic relationships between milk yield and kidding interval indicates a need to include reproductive performance as a selection criterion.

Phenotypic relationships between udder and milking characteristics, milk production and California mastitis test in goats

Abstract Data of crossbreed goats (28 Alpine × criolla; 6 Granadina × criolla; 13 Nubian × criolla) kept on natural pasture at Irapuato, Mexico, and hand-milked once a day, were studied for daily milk production (MP), milking time (MT), California mastitis test score (CMT), udder perimeter (UP), teat perimeter (TP), teat length (TL), udder cleft (UC), udder shape (US), teat shape (TS) and teat end shape (TE). UP, TP, TL and UC were measured before milking. Kids were separated from their mothers for a 24-h period prior to milking. Milking rate (MR) was MP/MT. MP ( r =−0.32) and UP ( r =−0.33) were correlated with CMT ( P r =0.81 ( P r =0.45 ( P P P P

Estimation of genetic parameters for productive life, reproduction, and milk-production traits in US dairy goats

Heritabilities and correlations for milk yield (MY), fat yield (FY), protein yield (PY), combined fat and protein yield (FPY), fat percentage (F%), protein percentage (P%), age at first kidding (AFK), interval between the first and second kidding (KI), and real and functional productive life at 72mo (FPL72) of 33,725 US dairy goats, were estimated using animal models. Productive life was defined as the total days in production until 72mo of age (PL72) for goats having the opportunity to express the trait. Functional productive life was obtained by correcting PL72 for MY, FY, PY, and final type score (FS). Six selection indexes were used, including or excluding PL72, with 6 groups of different economic weights, to estimate the responses to selection considering MY, FY, PY, and PL72 as selection criteria. The main criteria that determined the culling of a goat from the herd were low FS, MY, and FY per lactation. Heritability estimates were 0.22, 0.17, 0.37, 0.37, 0.38, 0.39, 0.54, 0.64, 0.09, and 0.16 for PL72, FPL72, MY, FY, PY, FPY, F%, P%, KI, and AFK, respectively. Most genetic correlations between the evaluated traits and PL72 or FPL72 were positive, except for F% (-0.04 and -0.06, respectively), P% (-0.002 and -0.03, respectively), and AFK (-0.03 and -0.01, respectively). The highest genetic correlations were between FPL72 and MY (0.39) and between PL72 and MY (0.33). Most phenotypic correlations between the traits evaluated and FPL72 and PL72 were positive (>0.23 and >0.26, respectively), except for F% (-0.004 and -0.02, respectively), P% (-0.05 and -0.02), KI (-0.01 and -0.07), and AFK (-0.08 and -0.08). The direct selection for PL72 increased it by 102.28d per generation. The use of MY, FY, PY, KI, or AFK as selection criteria increased PL72 by 39.21, 27.33, 35.90, -8.28, or 2.77d per generation, respectively. The inclusion of PL72 as selection criterion increased the expected response per generation from 0.15 to 17.35% in all selection indices studied.

Genetic improvement of Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus (Litopenaeus) vannamei): perspectives for genomic selection

The uses of breeding programs for the Pacific white shrimp [Penaeus (Litopenaeus) vannamei] based on mixed linear models with pedigreed data are described. The application of these classic breeding methods yielded continuous progress of great value to increase the profitability of the shrimp industry in several countries. Recent advances in such areas as genomics in shrimp will allow for the development of new breeding programs in the near future that will increase genetic progress. In particular, these novel techniques may help increase disease resistance to specific emerging diseases, which is today a very important component of shrimp breeding programs. Thanks to increased selection accuracy, simulated genetic advance using genomic selection for survival to a disease challenge was up to 2.6 times that of phenotypic sib selection.

Genetic polymorphism of the αs1-casein locus in five populations of goats from Mexico

Electronic Journal of Biotechnology ISSN: 0717-3458 Vol.11 No.3, Issue of July 15, 2008