Hülya Okumuş

Translation and psychometric assessment of the Breast-feeding Self-Efficacy Scale—Short Form among pregnant and postnatal women in Turkey

BACKGROUND most women stop breast feeding before the recommended 6 months post partum. If health professionals are to improve low breast-feeding duration and exclusivity rates, they need to assess high-risk women reliably and identify predisposing factors amenable to intervention. One possible modifiable variable is breast-feeding confidence. The Breast-feeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form (BSES-SF) is a 14-item measure designed to assess a mothers confidence in her ability to breast feed her baby. OBJECTIVES to translate the BSES-SF into Turkish and assess its psychometric properties among women in the antenatal and postnatal periods. DESIGN a methodological study to assess the reliability, validity and predictive value of the BSES-SF. SETTING two private and two public hospitals and their outpatient health clinics in Izmir, Turkey. PARTICIPANTS 144 pregnant women and 150 postnatal breast-feeding mothers were recruited using convenience sampling. METHODS following back-translation procedures, questionnaires were completed in the third trimester by pregnant women and in the hospital by postnatal women. All mothers were telephoned at approximately 12 weeks after the birth to determine how they were feeding their babies. RESULTS Cronbachs alpha coefficient for internal consistency was 0.87 antenatally and 0.86 postnatally. Antenatal and postnatal BSES-SF scores were significant predictors of breast-feeding duration and exclusivity at 12 weeks after the birth. Differences were found between antenatal and postnatal BSES-SF scores for mothers with previous breast-feeding experience compared with scores for mothers with no breast-feeding experience. Demographic response patterns suggest that the BSES-SF is a unique tool to identify pregnant women and new mothers at risk of early cessation of breast feeding. CONCLUSIONS this study provides evidence that the translated version of the BSES-SF may be a valid and reliable measure of breast-feeding self-efficacy among a perinatal sample in Turkey.

Cultural Validation of the Turkish Version of the Infertility Self-Efficacy Scale–Short Form (TISE-SF)

Purpose: To translate and test the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Infertility Self-Efficacy Scale–Short Form (TISE-SF). Methods: The convenience sample consisted of 120 infertile women. A psychometric research design was used with content and construct validity and reliability. Results: Cronbach’s alpha of .78 showed moderate reliability, whereas item–total correlations ranged from .30 to .54. Factor analysis extracted a single component, explaining 40.3% of the variance. Kendall W showed agreement with each expert regarding the appropriateness of the items, confirming the content validity of the translated TISE-SF. Conclusion: The results supported the construct validity and reliability of the TISE-SF for measuring infertility self-efficacy in a population of Turkish women. Implications: Evaluating infertile women’s perception of self-efficacy with the TISE-SF may be useful in clinical studies in Turkey. TISE-SF can be used by professionals as a counseling tool to help guide women in managing their treatments at infertility centers.

Early Postpartum Breast‐Feeding Outcomes and Breast‐Feeding Self‐Efficacy in Turkish Mothers Undergoing Vaginal Birth or Cesarean Birth With Different Types of Anesthesia

PURPOSE To compare the breast-feeding outcomes and breast-feeding self-efficacy, in the first 24 postpartum hours, of mothers who underwent vaginal birth, cesarean birth with epidural anesthesia, and cesarean birth with general anesthesia. METHODS A comparative study was conducted in Turkey. A total of 334 mothers participated. Data were evaluated through descriptive data form, breast-feeding outcomes form, and the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale. FINDINGS It was observed that the mothers who had cesarean birth with general anesthesia experienced more breast-feeding problems. With regard to breast-feeding self-efficacy, all the groups were similar. CONCLUSION For reducing breast-feeding problems, nurses should provide more care and support to mothers undergoing cesarean birth. Therefore, the fact that the breast-feeding self-efficacy was similar among the groups might be related to culture.

A Case Study Based On Watson’s Theory of Human Caring Being an Infertile Woman in Turkey

Nursing theories and models form a framework for systematizing nursing practices. In Turkey, nurses are generally organized on the basis of the medical model, which makes the essence of nursing invisible. The authors here aim to explain how to maintain a theory-based care approach for nurses working with persons experiencing infertility. The interaction between an infertile woman and a nurse is shared within the framework of Watson’s theory of human caring. Watson’s theory has been found useful for the infertile group in practice.