Hüsamettin Bulut

Analysis of variable-base heating and cooling degree-days for Turkey

The degree-day method is one of the well-known and the simplest methods used in the Heating, Ventilating and Air-Conditioning industry to estimate heating and cooling energy requirements. In this study, the heating and cooling degree-days for Turkey are determined by using long-term recent measured data. Five different base temperatures ranging from 14 to 22°C are chosen in the calculation of heating degree-days. In the case of cooling degree-days, 6 different base temperatures in the range 18 to 28°C are used. Yearly heating and cooling degree-days are given both in tabular form and as counter maps for all the provinces of Turkey (78 weather stations).

New outdoor cooling design data for Turkey

In this study, new outdoor design conditions for space heating were determined for 78 locations within Turkey according to the format recommended by the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers Inc. (ASHRAE). Dry-bulb temperature corresponding to 99%, 99.6% and 97.5% annual cumulative frequency of occurrence, the mean and standard deviation of the annual minimum dry-bulb temperatures were obtained. These calculations used hourly data measured during at least 13 years. The current heating design conditions used in the calculation of space heating load in Turkey were analyzed based on their frequency levels. Comparison of the existing space heating design data with the data obtained in this study revealed that the current space heating design temperatures are generally stringent and provide total protection.

Bin weather data for Turkey

One of the well-known and simple steady-state methods used to predict heating and cooling energy consumption of buildings is the bin method that requires reliable and detailed bin data. In this study, the bin data for Turkey are determined by using long-term measured data. The bin data for dry-bulb temperature from -36 °C to 45 °C with 3 °C increments are calculated in six daily 4-h shifts for 78 provinces of Turkey.

Detailed weather data for the provinces covered by the Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP) of Turkey

The Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP) of Turkey is a multi-faceted and integrated regional development project based on the concept of sustainable development. The project area covers nine provinces (AdIyaman, Batman, DiyarbakIr, Gaziantep, Kilis, Mardin, Siirt, SanlIurfa and SIrnak) in the Euphrates-Tigris basins and Upper Mesopotamia plains. In this study, detailed weather data are presented for these provinces (except SIrnak). The data consist of new outdoor design conditions for heating and cooling according to the format recommended by the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers Inc. (ASHRAE), the heating and cooling degree-days for different base temperatures and the bin data for dry-bulb temperatures from -21 °C to 45 °C with 3 °C increments, in six daily 4-h shifts. These data are determined by using long-term recently-measured data.

Oval Window Temperature Changes in an Endoscopic Stapedectomy.

Objectives:Following the initial use of endoscopes in otology, the pros and cons of these instruments have been questioned increasingly. These instruments cause an increase in temperature that needs to be investigated. In this study, the authors aimed to investigate the temperature increase caused by endoscopes and light sources in the perilymph by performing a stapedotomy in an animal model under anesthesia. Study design:The study was performed in a guinea pig model. Methods:In the animal model, a simulated otologic stapes surgery was performed at room temperature. The body temperatures of the guinea pigs were monitored; the temperature increase caused by the 0-degree rigid endoscopes with diameters of 3 and 4 mm as well as the light sources, including halogen, light-emitting diode (LED), and xenon lamps, were monitored following the stapedotomy to measure and document the continuous temperature increase in the perilymph using sensors placed at the oval window. Results:Rigid endoscopes cause a temperature increase in the tympanum regardless of their diameter when used with xenon and halogen light sources. The LED light caused a relatively small temperature increase. Conclusions:The endoscopic instruments used in the stapes operation caused a temperature increase in the oval window. The authors concluded that this heat could easily be transmitted to the cochlea by the perilymph, which has obstructed contact with the outer environment following stapedomy, resulting in neurosensorial damage.

Generation of Typical Solar Radiation Year for Mediterranean Region of Turkey

Typical solar radiation data is very important for the calculations concerning many solar applications. In this study, typical solar radiation years for six provinces located in the Mediterranean region of Turkey are generated from the daily global solar radiation data measured at least for 14 years, using the Finkelstein-Schafer statistical method. The typical daily global solar radiation data for the locations considered is presented throughout a year in a tabular form. The data obtained is also analyzed. It is expected that the typical data presented for the Mediterranean region, which is rich for solar energy potential in Turkey, will be useful to the designers of solar energy systems.

Temperature rises in the round window caused by various light sources during insertion of rigid endoscopes: an experimental animal study

The instruments used in endoscopic surgery include rigid endoscopes of different diameters and angles, sources of light and monitors. In this study, we explored temperature rises in the round window caused by insertion of rigid endoscopes of different diameters into the middle ear; the endoscopes were fitted with different light sources.