Hyeon-Min Cho

Multidimensional analysis of the learning curve for laparoscopic rectal cancer surgery.

BACKGROUND The need for an initial learning experience in laparoscopic colorectal cancer surgery has been well established. However, the inherent differences in the complexity and results of laparoscopic rectal cancer surgery, as compared to colon surgery, warrant a study to analyze the learning curve exclusively for rectal cancer resections. MATERIALS AND METHODS four hundred thirty-one patients operated on between April 1994 and March 2006 were analyzed retrospectively for changes in surgical outcomes according to case sequence. A multidimensional analysis was done, based on the following parameters: conversion to laparotomy, intraoperative complications, postoperative complications, reoperations, operative time, and transfusion volumes. Multiple statistical methods were used for evaluation of the learning curve, which included the cumulative sum (CUSUM) method, risk-adjusted CUSUM, moving average method, and analysis of variance (ANOVA). RESULTS The risk factors for conversion were prior abdominal surgery (hazard ratio, 2.52; 95% CI, 1.04-6.10; P = 0.04) and tumor size > or =3.5 cm (hazard ratio, 5.05; 95% CI, 1.95-13.08; P = 0.001). Risk-adjusted CUSUM analysis showed that case 61 was the peak change point for conversion. Postoperative complications occurred in 56 patients (13.0%), and the rate was associated significantly with case sequence (P < 0.001). The turning point in the CUSUM model occurred at case 79, and the complication rates decreased thereafter. Operative time and intraoperative transfusion volumes stabilized over cases 61-75 and declined thereafter. CONCLUSIONS Multidimensional analysis considering various surgical outcomes is necessary to evaluate the learning curve for laparoscopic rectal cancer surgery. The effective surgical learning curve was approximately 60-80 procedures in this series.

Tumor budding as a risk factor of lymph node metastasis in submucosal invasive T1 colorectal carcinoma: a retrospective study

BackgroundThis study was designed to identify risk factors for lymph node metastasis of early stage colorectal cancer, which was confirmed to a carcinoma that invaded the submucosa after radical resection.MethodsIn total, 55 patients revealing submucosal invasive colorectal carcinoma on pathology who underwent curative radical resection at the Department of Surgery, St. Vincent’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea from January 2007 to September 2010 were evaluated retrospectively. Tumor size, depth of submucosal invasion, histologic grade, lymphovascular invasion, tumor budding, and microacinar structure were reviewed by a single pathologist. Student t-test for continuous variables and Chi-square test for categorical variables were used for comparing the clinicopathological features between two groups (whether lymph node involvement existed or not). Continuous variables are expressed as the mean ± standard error while statistical significance is accepted at P < 0.05.ResultsThe mean age of 55 patients (34 males and 21 females) was 61.2 ± 9.6 years (range, 43–83). Histologically, eight (14.5%) patients had metastatic lymph node. In the univariate analysis, tumor budding (P = 0.047) was the only factor that was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis. Also, the tumor budding had a sensitivity of 83.3%, a specificity of 60.5%, and a negative predictive value of 0.958 for lymph node metastasis in submucosal invasive T1 colorectal cancer.ConclusionsThe tumor budding seems to have a high sensitivity (83.3%), acceptable specificity (60.5%), and a high negative predictive value (0.958). A close examination of pathologic finding including tumor budding should be performed in order to manage early CRC properly.

Surgical and pathological outcomes of laparoscopic surgery for transverse colon cancer

PurposeSeveral multi-institutional prospective randomized trials have demonstrated short-term benefits using laparoscopy. Now the laparoscopic approach is accepted as an alternative to open surgery for colon cancer. However, in prior trials, the transverse colon was excluded. Therefore, it has not been determined whether laparoscopy can be used in the setting of transverse colon cancer. This study evaluated the peri-operative clinical outcomes and oncological quality by pathologic outcomes of laparoscopic surgery for transverse colon cancer.Materials and methodsAnalysis of the medical records of patients who underwent laparoscopic colorectal resection from August 2004 to November 2007 was made. Computed tomography, barium enema, and colonoscopy were performed to localize the tumor preoperatively. Extended right hemicolectomy, transverse colectomy, and extended left hemicolectomy were performed for transverse colon cancer. Surgical outcomes and pathologic outcomes were compared between transverse colon cancer (TCC) and other site colon cancer (OSCC).ResultsOf the 312 colorectal cancer patients, 94 patients underwent laparoscopic surgery for OSCC, and 34 patients underwent laparoscopic surgery for TCC. Patients with TCC were similar to patients with OSCC in age, gender, body mass index, operating time, blood loss, time to pass flatus, start of diet, hospital stay, tumor size, distal resection margin, proximal resection margin, number of lymph nodes, and radial margin. One case in TCC and three cases in OSCC were converted to open surgery.ConclusionsLaparoscopic surgery for transverse colon cancer and OSCC had similar peri-operative clinical and acceptable pathological outcomes.

Intravascular Papillary Endothelial Hyperplasia (Masson's Hemangioma) of the Liver: A New Hepatic Lesion

Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia (Massons hemangioma) is a disease characterized by exuberant endothelial proliferation within the lumen of medium-sized veins. In 1923, Masson regarded this disease as a neoplasm inducing endothelial proliferation, however, now it is considered to be a reactive vascular proliferation following traumatic vascular stasis. The lesion has a propensity to occur in the head, neck, fingers, and trunk. Occurrence within the abdominal cavity is known to be very rare, and especially in the liver, there has been no reported case up to date. The authors have experienced intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia of the liver in a 69-yr-old woman, and report the case with a review of the literature.

Treatment of Right Colonic Diverticulitis: The Role of Nonoperative Treatment

Purpose The purpose of this study is to evaluate the value of nonoperative treatment for right-sided colonic diverticulitis. Methods One hundred fifty-eight patients with right-sided colonic diverticulitis were evaluated. Clinical history, physical and radiologic findings, and treatments were reviewed retrospectively. Also, additional episodes and treatment modalities were checked. Results Our patients were classified according to treatment modality; 135 patients (85.4%) underwent conservative treatment, including antibiotics and bowel rest, and 23 patients (14.6%) underwent surgery. The mean follow-up length was 37.3 months, and 17 patients (17.5%) underwent recurrent right-sided colonic diverticulitis. Based on treatment modality, including surgery and antibiotics, no significant differences in the clinical features and the recurrence rates were noted between the two groups. Conclusion Conservative management with bowel rest and antibiotics could be considered as a safe and effective option for treating right-sided colonic diverticulitis. This treatment option for right-sided colonic diverticulitis, even if the disease is complicated, may be the treatment of choice.

Overview of radiation therapy for treating rectal cancer.

A major outcome of importance for rectal cancer is local control. Parallel to improvements in surgical technique, adjuvant therapy regimens have been tested in clinical trials in an effort to reduce the local recurrence rate. Nowadays, the local recurrence rate has been reduced because of both good surgical techniques and the addition of radiotherapy. Based on recent reports in the literature, preoperative chemoradiotherapy is now considered the standard of care for patients with stages II and III rectal cancer. Also, short-course radiotherapy appears to provide effective local control and the same overall survival as more long-course chemoradiotherapy schedules and, therefore, may be an appropriate choice in some situations. Capecitabine is an acceptable alternative to infusion fluorouracil in those patients who are able to manage the responsibilities inherent in self-administered, oral chemotherapy. However, concurrent administration of oxaliplatin and radiotherapy is not recommended at this time. Radiation therapy has long been considered an important adjunct in the treatment of rectal cancer. Although no prospective data exist for several issues, we hope that in the near future, patients with rectal cancer can be treated by using the best combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy in near future.

Learning Curves in Laparoscopic Right-Sided Colon Cancer Surgery: A Comparison of First-Generation Colorectal Surgeon to Advance Laparoscopically Trained Surgeon

BACKGROUND We aimed to evaluate the learning curve (LC) for laparoscopic right-sided colon cancer surgery (LRCCS) by comparing the results between two surgeons (first-generation colorectal surgeon versus laparoscopically trained surgeon). METHODS The study was a retrospective analysis that evaluated 117 consecutive LRCCSs performed by two surgeons, the first-generation surgeon (Surgeon A) and laparoscopically trained surgeon (Surgeon B), from April 1995 to August 2006. Patients were divided into two groups; patients included in groups I and II received LRCCSs from surgeons A and B, respectively. RESULTS The moving average method revealed that the operation times of surgeons A and B began to shorten after the 9th case. The cumulative sum (CUSUM) analysis of group I data showed that the 24th case was the peak point of conversion. The 35th case was the peak for intraoperative complications, and the 17th case was the peak for postoperative complications. There was only one case of conversion in group II. The peak points for inadequate lymph node dissection were the 37th case in group I and the 8th case in group II. The CUSUM analysis for surgeons A and B showed that the 18th case and the 8th case, respectively, were the overall peak points in the failure of LRCCS. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that careful observation of a laparoscopic procedure, such as acting as the scope operator for a certain amount of time, may help in shortening the LC of the actual procedure.

Clinicopathological features of retrorectal tumors in adults: 9 years of experience in a single institution.

Purpose Primary tumors of the retrorectal space in adults are very rare. Most of them are benign masses, but malignant masses are reported on occasion. This study aimed to investigate the clinicopathological features of retrorectal tumors. Methods The medical records of fifteen patients who underwent surgical resection of a retrorectal tumor from March 2002 to April 2010 in our hospital were reviewed retrospectively. Results Out of 15 patients, thirteen were females and two males. About 1.7 patients were diagnosed with retrorectal tumor annually in our hospital. The incidence is one per 1,500 surgeries performed under general anesthesia. An anterior approach was performed in eight patients and a posterior approach with excision of the coccyx in five patients. Combined approach was performed in two patients. Four patients (three in abdominal approach and one in combined approach) underwent laparoscopic resection. The mean size of tumors was 6.2 ± 2.9 cm. Mature teratoma (four) and neurilemmoma (four) were the most common tumors. Except for one case of chondrosarcoma, fourteen tumors were confirmed to be of benign nature in histologic examination. Patients who underwent a transabdominal approach with laparoscopic surgery had no postoperative complication and had a tendency to experience earlier recovery than those with open surgery. Conclusion Surgical resection of a retrorectal tumor is recommended to relieve pressure symptoms and to confirm the diagnosis. A laparoscopic approach may offer excellent visualization of the deep structures in the retrorectal space, reduce surgical trauma, and be helpful for early postoperative recovery.

Impact of laparoscopic surgery on the long-term outcomes for patients with rectal cancer

Background:  This 20‐year retrospective study compared the results of laparoscopic surgery with open surgery for patients with rectal cancer to evaluate the impact of laparoscopic surgery on long‐term oncological outcomes for rectal cancer.

Delorme's Procedure for Complete Rectal Prolapse: Does It Still Have It's Own Role?

Purpose Although there are more than a hundred techniques, including the transabdominal and the perineal approaches, for the repair of the rectal prolapsed, none of them is perfect. The best repair should be chosen not only to correct the prolapse but also to restore defecatory function and to improve fecal incontinence throughout the patients lifetime. The aim of this retrospective review is to evaluate clinical outcomes of the Delormes procedure for the management of the complete rectal prolapse. Methods A total of 19 patients (13 females and 6 males) with complete rectal prolapses were treated by using the Delormes procedure in St. Vincents Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, from February 1997 to February 2007. Postoperative anal incontinence was evaluated using the Cleveland Clinic Incontinence Score. Results All 19 patients had incontinence to liquid stool, solid stool, and/or flatus preoperatively. Three (15.8%) patients reported recurrence of the rectal prolapse (at 6, 18, 29 months, respectively, after the operation). Information on postoperative incontinence was available for 16 of the 19 patients. Twelve of the 16 patients (75%) reported improved continence (5 [31.3%] were improved and 7 [43.7%] completely recovered from incontinence) while 4 patients had unchanged incontinence symptoms. One (6.3%) patient who did not have constipation preoperatively developed constipation after the operation. Conclusion The Delormes procedure is associated with a marked improvement in anal continence, relatively low recurrence rates, and low incidence of postoperative constipation. This allows us to conclude that this procedure still has its own role in selected patients.