Hyeong Cheol Kim

Differential expression of genes associated with lipid metabolism in longissimus dorsi of Korean bulls and steers

The objective of this study was to compare expression of genes associated with lipid deposition and removal between bulls and steers in the longissimus dorsi muscle (LM) tissue of Korean cattle. Castration increased the expression of lipid uptake lipoprotein lipase, fatty acid translocase, and fatty acid transport protein 1 in LM. Castration increased lipogenic gene expression of both acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase. In contrast, castration downregulated lipolytic gene expression of both adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and monoglyceride lipase. Steers showed higher expression levels of insulin signaling phospho-v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 1 than bulls but lower protein levels of nuclear Forkhead box O 1 (FoxO1) than bulls, suggesting that increased insulin signaling following castration decreases nuclear FoxO1 levels, leading to downregulation of ATGL gene expression. These findings suggest that castration contributes to increases in lipid uptake and lipogenesis and a decrease in lipolysis, resulting in improved marbling.

Stories and Challenges of Genome Wide Association Studies in Livestock - A Review.

Undoubtedly livestock is one of the major contributors to the economy of any country. The economic value of livestock includes meat, dairy products, fiber, fertilizer etc. Understanding and identifying the associations of quantitative trait loci (QTL) with the economically important traits is believed to substantially benefit the livestock industry. The past two decades have seen a flurry of interest in mapping the QTL associated with traits of economic importance on the genome. With the availability of single nucleotide polymorphism chip of various densities it is possible to identify regions, QTL and genes on the genome that explain the association and its effect on the phenotype under consideration. Remarkable advancement has been seen in genome wide association studies (GWAS) since its inception till the present day. In this review we describe the progress and challenges of GWAS in various livestock species.

Relationship Between Ultrasonic and Carcass Measures for Meat Qualities in Hanwoo Steers

ABSTRACT Data from live animal real time ultrasound (RTU) measures from 127 Hanwoo steers were used to assess nutritional physiology and relationship between RTU measures and real carcass measures represented meat quality. Traits considered were longissimus muscle area, fat thickness, and marbling score imaged and scanned using RTU by month and those of carcass measures at about 24 month of age. On this study, increasing pattern for longissimus muscle area would be closely related to growth pattern (p<0.01) and it of fat thickness would be related to quadratic effect of ages. Marbling score would be related to aging, that is, individual deviates of scores were distinctly characterized after 17 mo. even though they were started at about 11 mo. Correlation estimates between RTU measures and corresponding carcass traits were over 0.6 after 17 month of age for all traits considered and these estimates were high as 0.90 after 22 month of age. From this study, Real-time ultrasound measurement would be valuable after 15~17 mo. and measures at about 22 mo. would be helpful to decide age for slaughtering. To utilize these techniques for beef cattle breeding via progeny testing program, 15 mo. RTU measures would be efficiency rather than 12 mo. of other beef breeds. Further study to find genetic variation of RTU measures was needed to utilize these technologies for beef breeding. (

Mutations in calpastatin and μ-calpain are associated with meat tenderness, flavor and juiciness in Hanwoo (Korean cattle): molecular modeling of the effects of substitutions in the calpastatin/μ-calpain complex.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in Calpain 1 and Calpastatin genes previously associated with meat tenderness attributes in other cattle breeds in Korean Hanwoo cattle. The Hanwoo resource population was used to study association of 7 SNPs with beef tenderness, flavor, juiciness, intramuscular fat and shear force. In this association study, CAST:c.182A>G (+0.14, P=0.04) and CAST:c.1985G>C (-0.12, P=0.02) had significant effects on juiciness, but no effects on other traits. In contrast, CAPN1:c.1589G>A was associated with meat tenderness (P=0.01) and juiciness (P=0.04). The CAPN1:c.1589G>A (Val530Ile) SNP marker displayed significant effect on the meat tenderness score which is strongly supported by molecular modeling of the CAPN1:c.1589G>A (Val530Ile) variant that inhibits CAST protein from binding more strongly than the wild-type protein, which may explain its effect on meat tenderness.

Effects of concentrate feeding method and slaughter age on growth performance, feed intake and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers.

Young Moo Cho, Sun Sik Chang, Hyeong Cheol Kim, Tae Il Kim, Byung Ki Park, Bong Hyun Paek, Jin Hyoung Kimand Eung Gi KwonNational Institute of Animal Science, RDAABSTRACTThirty one Hanwoo steers were used in a completely randomized design experiment to see the effects of concentrate feeding method(group vs. individual feeding) and age at slaughter(26 vs. 28 months of age) on growth performance, feed intake and carcass characteristics. Steers were randomly assigned to one of four groups, G26(group feeding slaughtered at 26 months of age), G28(group feeding slaughtered at 28 months of age), I26(individual feeding slaughtered at 26 months of age) or I28(individual feeding slaughtered at 28 months of age). Amount of concentrate were restricted to 1.5% of BW for the growing period and 1.8% of BW for the early fattening period in both groups. For the late fattening period, concentrate were given ad libitum for G26 and G28, but were given up to 1.7% of BW for I26 and I28. Average daily gains were higher in individual feeding groups (I26 and I28) than those in group feeding groups(G26 and G28) for the early fattening period(p<0.05). ADGs were higher in group feeding groups than those in individual feeding groups (p<0.05). Concentrate intake in individual feeding groups tended to be higher compared to that in group feeding groups for the early fattening period, but tended to be higher in group feeding groups compared to that in individual feeding groups for the late fattening period. Feeding method or slaughter age had no significant effects on carcass characteristics, yield grade and quality grade. Shear force and tenderness of longissmus muscle were higher in groups slaughtered at 28 months of age than in groups slaughtered at 26 months of age(p<0.05). Feeding method or slaughter age had no effects on cooking loss, water holding capacity, juiciness, flavor, moisture, protein and fat of longissmus muscle. (Key words :Hanwoo steer, Feeding method, Age at slaughter, Carcass characteristics)

Effects of ruminally protected amino acid-enriched fatty acids on growth performance and carcass characteristics of fattening Hanwoo cows.

ABSTRACT This study was conducted to determine the effects of ruminally protected amino acid-enriched fatty acids (RPAAFA) on bodyweight gain, feed intake and carcass characteristics of fattening Hanwoo cows. Twenty eight Hanwoo cows, 6.0±1.7 years old andweighing an average of 463.2±77.6 kg, were used for 4 months. Animals were fed a basal diet supplemented with RPAAFA at 0g (control) and 100 g (treatment), respectively. Average daily gain, dry matter intake and feed conversion ratio were not differentamong the control and treatment. The supplementation of RPAAFA did not affect carcass weight and rib eye areas. Quality gradescore (1 ++ ,1 + and 1) for treatment was higher in RPAAFA supplemented group compared with the control, whereas no differencesappeared in meat color, fat color, texture and maturity. Thus present results indicate that supplementation of RPAAFA may berecommended for producing high quality beef from fattening Hanwoo cows.( Key words : Hanwoo cows, Ruminally protected amino acid-enriched fatty acids, Carcass characteristics, Beef fattening)

Effects of Different Additives on the Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Holstein Steers

This study was performed to investigate the feeding effects of different additives on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of Holstein steers. Twenty-four Holstein steers, five months of age and 176.6 kg, were randomly allocated to three experimental groups of eight animals each for an 18-month feeding trial. The groups were control (not additive), T1 (fed zinc, vitamin C, and sulfur), and T2 (fed choline and lysine). The average daily gain was no different between the treatment groups during the growing to early fattening period, but it was significantly higher in the T1 group than the T2 group in the late fattening period (p, , and 1) were higher in the T1 group compared with the T2 group. Thus, the present results suggest that vitamin C, zinc, and sulfur supplementation may improve the growth performance and carcass characteristics of Holstein steers.

Genetic Analysis of Ultrasound and Carcass Measurement Traits in a Regional Hanwoo Steer Population

Ultrasound measurements of backfat thickness (UBF), longissimus muscle area (ULMA) and marbling score (UMS) and carcass measurements of carcass weight (CW), backfat thickness (BF), longissimus muscle area (LMA), and marbling score (MS) on 7,044 Hanwoo steers were analyzed to estimate genetic parameters. Data from Hanwoo steers that were raised, finished in Hoengseong-gun, Gangwon-do (province) and shipped to slaughter houses during the period from October 2010 to April 2013 were evaluated. Ultrasound measurements were taken at approximately three months before slaughter by an experienced operator using a B-mode real-time ultrasound device (HS-2000, FHK Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) with a 3.5 MHz linear probe. Ultrasound scanning was on the left side between 13th rib and the first lumbar vertebrae. All slaughtering processes and carcass evaluations were performed in accordance with the guidelines of beef grading system of Korea. To estimate genetic parameters, multiple trait animal models were applied. Fixed effects included in the models were: the effects of farm, contemporary group effects (year-season at the time of ultrasound scanning in the models for UBF, ULMA, and UMS, and year-season at slaughter in the models for CW, BF, LMA, and MS), the effects of ultrasound technicians as class variables and the effects of the age in days at ultrasound scanning or at slaughtering as linear covariates, respectively for ultrasound and carcass measures. Heritability estimates obtained from our analyses were 0.37 for UBF, 0.13 for ULMA, 0.27 for UMS, 0.44 for CW, 0.33 for BF, 0.36 for LMA and 0.54 MS, respectively. Genetic correlations were strongly positive between corresponding traits of ultrasound and carcass measures. Genetic correlation coefficient between UBF and BF estimate was 0.938, between ULMA and LMA was 0.767 and between UMS and MS was 0.925. These results suggest that ultrasound measurement traits are genetically similar to carcass measurement traits.

Effects of Feeding Patterns of Concentrate on Growth Performance, Blood Parameters and Carcass Characteristics in Fattening Hanwoo Cows

Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate School Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, KoreaABSTRACTThis study was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding patterns of concentrates on growth performance, blood parameters and carcass characteristics in Hanwoo cows. Randomly-allocated groups, restricted concentrate feeding(T1), restricted concentrate feeding for 6 months and ad libitum 2 months(T2), restricted concentrate feeding for 4 months and ad libitum 4 months(T3), were contained with 9 animals. According to feeding patterns of concentrate, growth performance was not significantly different among the treatment groups. However, ADG tended to be higher in T2 group(0.75kg/d) compared to the other groups (T1: 0.62 kg/d, T3: 0.72kg/d). DMI was not significantly different among the treatment groups, interestingly, rice straw intake was significantly higher in T1 group compared with others(p<0.05). There were significant difference among feed conversion ratio, which are 17.8, 12.8, and 14.1 kg for T1, T2, and T3(p<0.05), respectively. The serum level of albumin, triglyceride, glucose and GPT were greater in T3 group compared to other groups at fattening 6 to 8 months(p<0.05). The results of yield traits, carcass weight, back fat thickness and rib eye area were not differ among treatment groups, but yield index was significantly greater in T2 group compared to T1 group(p<0.05). The ‘A’ appearance rate(%) of meat yield grade was highest in T2 group for 78%. The marbling score, meat color, fat color, texture and maturity in quality traits were not differ among the treatment groups. However, marbling score and appearance rate(%) of over 1st meat quality grade were tend to be increased at T3 rather (4.0, 56%) group compared with other groups(T1: 3.4, 56%; T2: 3.6, 33%). Thus, the present study suggested that restricted concentrate feeding(1.6% of BW) for 4 months during early fattening periods and ad libitum feeding for 4 months during late fattening periods are recommendable.(Key words : Hanwoo Cow, Concentrate, Growth performance, Carcass characteristics, Blood parameters)

Effects of Reed (Phragmites communis) on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Meat Quality in Hanwoo Steers

This study investigated the effects of diet of different forages on growth performance and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers. Twenty-one Hanwoo steers were randomly allocated to three groups (fed hay, reed, and reed with rice straw) of seven steers each. Initial and final body weights of control, T1, and T2 groups were 125.5, 128.3, 128.3 kg and 697.4, 614.6, 706.7 kg, respectively. Average daily gain tended to increase in controls (0.70 kg/d) and the T2 group (0.71 kg/d) but not as much in the T1 group (0.60 kg/d); however, there was no significant difference. DMI was not significantly different among the treatment groups, but T1 was relatively lower than the other groups. For the yield traits, carcass weight was not significantly different between controls and the T2 group but was greater in the T2 group compared to the T1 group (p the other groups (control 0:71:29; T2 29:42:29). For the quality traits, fat color and texture were not significantly different among groups. However, meat color and maturity were significantly greater in T1 compared to T2 (p feed utilization, and carcass traits appeared to improve when roughage containing rice straw plus reed was offered. Therefore, reed is worth considering as a roughage source for fattening Hanwoo steers.