I. Aspiazú

Densidades de plantas daninhas e épocas de controle sobre os componentes de produção da soja

This work aimed to evaluate the effects of different weed densities on the yield components of soybean grain, cv. BRS 243 RR. The experimental design was arranged in completely randomized blocks, and the treatments consisted of increasing periods of control and three weed densities (low, medium and high). The initial periods of control were: 0, 0-5, 0-10, 0-15, 0-21, 0-28, 0-35, 0-42, 0-49 and 0-125 (harvesting). In low infestation areas, the weed community was composed mainly of Brachiaria plantaginea, Ipomoea nil, Euphorbia heterophylla and others. In medium and high infestation areas, the outstanding weeds were Brachiaria plantaginea, Ipomoea nil, Digitaria horizontalis, Cyperus rotundus and others. B. plantaginea was responsible for the highest dry matter accumulation in all levels of infestation. Regarding the crop yield components, number of pods per plant was the most severely affected by competition, reduced at about 58% in the low infestation area, 71% in the medium infestation area and 78% in the high infestation area. Number of seeds per pod and weight of 1000 grains were less influenced by competition; however, these parameters were reduced, indicating a relation between weed control periods and infestation level with soybean yield component.

Período anterior à interferência na cultura da soja-RR em condições de baixa, média e alta infestação

The aim of this study was to evaluate the period before weed interference in soybean culture, cv. BRS 243-RR, under low, medium and high weed density. The experimental design was arranged in complete randomized blocks, and the treatments consisted of increasing periods of weed control (0, 0-5, 0-10, 0-15, 0-21, 0-28, 0-35, 0-42, 0-49 and 0-125 days). In low weed infestation area the main weed species were: Brachiaria plantaginea,Ipomoea nil,Euphorbia heterophylla. In medium and high infestation areas, Brachiaria plantaginea,Ipomoea nil,Digitaria horizontalis and Cyperus rotundus were the most frequent weeds. Considering 5% and 10% of tolerance of soybean grain yield reduction, it was concluded that the period before interference was 17 and 24 days after emergence (DAE) in low infestation, area 11 and 15 DAE in medium infestation area and 11 and 16 DAE in high infestation area. Weed interference during the full crop cycle reduced soybean grain yield in 73%, 82% and 92%, for low, medium and high weed density, respectively.

Glyphosate translocation in hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) biotypes

The objective of this work was to evaluate the translocation of glyphosate in C. bonariensis plants resistant and susceptible to that herbicide. The 14C-glyphosate was mixed with commercial gyhphosate (800 g ha-1) and applied on the center of the adaxial face of a third node leaf, using a micro syringe, and adding 10 µL of a solution with specific activity of 1,400 Bq, 45 days after plant emergence. The concentration of the glyphosate translocated in the plant was evaluated at time intervals of 6, 12, 36 and 72 hours after being applied on the application leaf, stem, roots and leaves. Ten hours after treatment application, the distribution of the product in the application leaf, divided into base, center and apex, was also evaluated by measuring the radiation emitted by 14C-glyphosate in a liquid scintillation spectrometer. Greater glyphosate retention was observed in the resistant biotype leaf, approximately 90% of the total absorbed up to 72 hours. In the susceptible biotype, this value was close to 70% in the same period. Susceptible biotype leaves, stem and roots showed greater concentration of glyphosate, indicating greater translocation efficiency in this biotype. In the resistant biotype, the herbicide accumulated in greater quantity at the apex and center of the application leaf, while in the susceptible biotype greater accumulation was observed at the base and center leaf. Thus, it can be stated that the resistance mechanism is related to the differential translocation of this herbicide in the biotypes.

Interferência de plantas daninhas em diferentes densidades no crescimento da soja

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de densidades de plantas daninhas (baixa, media e alta infestacao) sobre as variaveis de crescimento da soja, cv. BRS 243RR. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, sendo os tratamentos constituidos por dez periodos de convivencia das plantas daninhas com a cultura (0, 0-5, 0-10, 0-15, 0-21, 0-28, 0-35, 0-42, 0-49 e 0-125 dias). As variaveis estudadas foram altura de plantas, massa seca dos ramos desprovidos de folha, massa seca das folhas, numero de folhas e area foliar da soja. As avaliacoes foram determinadas no final do periodo de interferencia, juntamente com a avaliacao de densidade e acumulo de fitomassa da comunidade infestante. Na area onde a soja foi cultivada sob baixa infestacao de plantas daninhas, observou-se aumento da densidade das infestantes em funcao do tempo apos a emergencia da soja. Todavia, o contrario foi observado nas areas de media e alta infestacao; nelas verificou-se reducao da densidade das plantas daninhas ao longo do periodo de avaliacao. A altura e area foliar das plantas de soja foram influenciadas pelo nivel de infestacao, o que nao foi observado para massa seca e numero de folhas. Conclui-se que o nivel de infestacao afeta de maneira diferenciada as variaveis que definem o crescimento da soja.

Photosynthetic activity of cassava plants under weed competition

The objective of this work was to evaluate characteristics associated with the photosynthetic activity of cassava plants under weed competition. The trial was carried out under field conditions, and experimental units consisted of 150 dm3 fiberglass boxes containing red yellow Latosol, previously corrected and fertilized. Treatments consisted in the cultivation of cassava plants which were free of weed competition and associated with three weed species: Bidens pilosa, Commelina benghalensis or Brachiaria plantaginea. After manioc sprouting started, 15 days after being planted, weeds that had been sown when manioc was planted were thinned, there were then eight plants left per experimental unit in accordance with specified treatments: cassava free of competition, cassava competing with B. pilosa, cassava competing with C. benghalensis and cassava competing with B. plantaginea. Sixty days after crop emergence leaf internal CO2 concentration (Ci), leaf temperature at the time of evaluation (Tleaf) and photosynthetic rate (A) were evaluated, also the CO2 consumption rate (ΔC) of cassava plants was calculated. A correlation matrix between variables was also obtained. All characteristics associated with photosynthesis in cassava plants were influenced by weed species. Cassava was more affected by B. pilosa and B. plantaginea in which concerns its exposition to solar radiation and water, while C. benghalensis seems to mostly affect the composition of incident light on the culture, allowing cassava to anticipate imposition when competing, even before it reaches harmful levels.

Water use efficiency in sugarcane genotypes submitted to herbicide application.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the herbicides ametryn and trifloxysulfuron-sodium, applied alone or in mixture, on the characteristics associated to water use efficiency in sugarcane varieties under field conditions. The trial was installed in a completely randomized block design with split-plots and four replications. Plots were composed by the herbicides ametryn, trifloxysulfuron-sodium or a commercial mixture of ametryn + trifloxysulfuron-sodium, applied 65 days after planting, plus a control mechanically free of weed infestation; split-plots were composed by sugarcane varieties (RB72454, RB835486, RB855113, RB867515, RB947520 and SP80-1816). Fifteen days after herbicide application, stomatal conductance (Gs), temperature gradient between leaf and air (DT) and transpiration rate (E) were evaluated, and water use efficiency (WUE) was obtained as a function of photosynthesis and transpiration rates. Plant shoots were also collected for dry matter determination. Variety RB855113 presented the greatest damage to water use efficiency and transpiration and was thus considered the most sensitive to ametryn and trifloxysulfuron, while varieties SP80-1816 and RB867515 were the most tolerant. In these varieties, herbicides caused only minor changes in water use efficiency and thermal gradient. Stomatal conductance, leaf temperature, transpiration and water use efficiency were effective in identifying herbicide damage to crops, mainly those caused by photosynthesis-inhibiting herbicides; sugarcane genotypes showed a different behavior in relation to herbicide susceptibility and varieties SP80-1816 and RB867515 were the less affected by the herbicide treatments; on the other hand, RB855113 was the most severely affected.

Herbicide selectivity to sugarcane genotypes

Due to a slow initial development up to 60 days after emergence, sugarcane shows little competitive capacity over weeds. Thus, the use of herbicides during this period is a common practice in the sugarcane crop. However, there is a variation between sugarcane genotypes regarding herbicide tolerance. This work evaluated the tolerance of three genotypes to the herbicides ametryn, trifloxysulfuron-sodium and their commercial formulated mixture in 0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 3.0 times the recommended commercial dose. The experiment was conducted under protected environmental conditions. A completely randomized design was used, with four replications. The treatments were composed by genotypes SP80-1816, RB855113, RB867515 associated to herbicides ametryn, trifloxysulfuron-sodium and sodium-ametryn + trifloxysulfuron, at doses of 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 3.0 times the recommended commercial dose. Intoxication of the plants (%) was assessed at 14, 28 and 42 days after application of the herbicides (DAT). The other variables measured at 80 days after crop emergence were leaf area and shoot dry matter. In general, the genotypes SP80-1816 and RB855113 were less tolerant to the herbicides ametryn, trifloxysulfuron- sodium and the mixture ametryn + trifloxysulfuron-sodium than the RB867515 at all tested doses. They showed high intoxication levels at 14, 28 and 42 days after herbicide application. It was concluded that genotype RB855113 was the most sensitive to the herbicides, followed by SP80-1816, with RB867515 being the most tolerant.

Water use efficiency of cassava plants under competition conditions

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar caracteristicas associadas a eficiencia de uso da agua de plantas de mandioca sob competicao ou nao com plantas daninhas. O experimento foi realizado em condicoes de ambiente aberto, sendo as unidades experimentais compostas por vasos de fibra de vidro de 150 dm3preenchidos com Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo, previamente adubado. Os tratamentos consistiram no cultivo de plantas de mandioca isoladas e associadas a tres especies daninhas (Bidens pilosa, Commelina benghalensis e Brachiaria plantaginea). Apos inicio da brotacao das manivas, 15 dias apos o plantio, fez-se o desbaste das plantas daninhas, semeadas no momento do plantio das manivas, deixando-se oito plantas de B. pilosa, quatro de C. benghalensis e quatro de B. plantaginea. Aos 60 dias apos a emergencia (DAE), foram avaliados a condutância estomatica de vapores de agua (Gs), pressao de vapor na câmara subestomatica (Ean), gradiente entre temperatura da folha e do ar (ΔT), taxa de transpiracao (E) e a eficiencia do uso da agua (EUA). A especie B. pilosa demonstrou maior capacidade de afetar o crescimento das plantas de mandioca. B. plantaginea e muito eficiente em utilizar a agua, principalmente por apresentar metabolismo C4 , e se mantem competitiva com a mandioca mesmo sob baixo status hidrico temporario. C. benghalensis, por sua vez, nao e boa competidora por luz e aparentemente nao e causadora primaria do esgotamento da agua no solo. Os efeitos, nesse caso, das plantas daninhas, foram mais associados a competicao. No entanto, eles foram considerados entre moderados a baixos. Isso implica que a competicao estabelecida a nivel experimental foi baixa.

Tolerância de trigo (Triticum aestivum) e aveia (Avena sp.) a herbicidas inibidores da enzima acetolactato sintase (ALS)

A caracterizacao de cultivares quanto a tolerância aos herbicidas representa uma ferramenta adicional na identificacao de genes de resistencia no melhoramento genetico de plantas. Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram determinar a variabilidade genetica em genotipos de trigo, aveia-branca e aveia-preta para tolerância a quatro herbicidas inibidores da ALS; identificar herbicidas que nao apresentam efeito fitotoxico nas especies avaliadas; e indicar possiveis genotipos tolerantes para utilizacao em programas de melhoramento. Os resultados demonstraram a existencia de variabilidade genetica em trigo para tolerância aos herbicidas inibidores da ALS. O herbicida penoxsulam nao apresentou efeito sobre a producao de materia seca nos genotipos de trigo e aveia. Os genotipos de trigo ICA 7, BRS 208 e CD 111 e a aveia-branca (Albasul) evidenciaram tolerância aos herbicidas bispyribac-sodium e penoxsulam; a aveia-preta (Agozebu) tambem se mostrou tolerante ao metsulfuron-methyl.

Tolerance of New Sugarcane Genotypes to Herbicides

The effects of the herbicides ametryn, trifloxysulfuron-sodium and the mixture (ametryn + trifloxysulfuron-sodium) on the yield components of ten sugarcane genotypes were evaluated in this study. The experiment was conducted in a Paleudultand and t was arranged in a randomized block design with split plots. The herbicides ametryn (2.000 g ha-1), tryfloxysulfuron-sodium (22,5 g ha-1) were allocated in the plots as well the commercial mixture ametryn + trifloxysulfuron-sodium (1.463 + 37 g ha-1) and control without herbicide application (hoed). The herbicides were applied at as initial post-emergence of the crop. The sugar cane genotypes (RB72454, RB835486, RB855113, RB855156, RB867515, RB925211, RB925345, RB937570, RB947520 and SP801816) were allocated in the subplots. At 14, 45 and 60 days after treatment application (DTA), sugarcane genotype intoxication by the herbicides was evaluated, using grades. At 14 and 45 DTA, plants had their leaf area and dry matter determined. Plant height was measured at 14 and 360 DTA, and stem productivity was determined by harvest time, 430 days after planting. The genotype RB855156 was the most sensitive to the applied products and the genotypes RB925345, RB947520 and SP80-1816, the most tolerant. In all cases of intoxication, a complete recovery of the crop was observed up to 60 DTA. It was concluded that selectivity of sugarcane to the herbicides ametryn, trifloxysulfuron-sodium and ametryn + trifloxysulfuron-sodium is dependent on the cultivated genotype.